Maths Aim Higher: Calculus of Small Increments from First Principles

Maths Aim Higher: Calculus of Small Increments from First Principles
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Learn how to define derivatives using first principles. Practice with quadratics, rational and surdal expressions, and take a check test.

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Slide1Maths Aim HigherCalculus of Small increments

Slide2A first principles approachIn general, the derivative f ’ (x) evaluated at x = a can be defined as Click here to see how this works with quadratics

Slide3Practice makes perfect !Click here to practice first principles on quadratics Click here for first principles applied to rational expressions Click here to apply first principles to surdal expressions Click here for a check test on first principles

Slide4Setting up a formulaAnother way to express this is …. If P ( x, y ) is a point on the curve y = f (x) and Q (x +      , y +     )  is close to P. Then         is a small increase in x ,  and                  is the corresponding increase in y.  

Slide5The formula is establishedNow, by definition. So when          is small, Hence, We can now investigate changes affecting other variables

Slide6Example: y = ln xWe know that Hence When x = 1, y = ln 1 = 0 Taking                 (small)  and Then ln 1.1 =             = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 So  ln 1.1        0.1

Slide7Percentage incrementsIf x increases by r% then Hence, corresponding % increase in y is given by Let’s see an example in action ……..

Slide8The pendulum problemGiven Find % change in T when  l  is increased by 2% Well, So Given                                 And so …………

Slide9Pendulum problem (ctd)Since Then So % change in T  = So  period  T increases by 1%

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