A Hands-On Introduction to Nanoscience

1. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm What IS Nanoscience? What IS Nanoscience? When people talk about Nanoscience, many start by describing things When people talk about Nanoscience, many start by describing things Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials: Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new nanocarbon materials: They effuse about nanocarbons strength and electrical properties They effuse about nanocarbons strength and electrical properties Graphene Graphene Carbon Nanotube Carbon Nanotube C60 Buckminster Fullerene C60 Buckminster Fullerene

2. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Biologists counter that nanocarbon is a recent discovery Biologists counter that nanocarbon is a recent discovery THEYVE been studying DNA and RNA for much longer THEYVE been studying DNA and RNA for much longer (And are already using it to transform our world) (And are already using it to transform our world)

3. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm And Chemists note THEYVE synthesized molecules for over a century And Chemists note THEYVE synthesized molecules for over a century <= First OLED material: tris 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum <= First OLED material: tris 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (OLED = organic light emitting diode) (OLED = organic light emitting diode) Commercial OLED material: Polypyrrole Commercial OLED material: Polypyrrole Most heavily investigated molecular electronic switch: Nitro oligo phenylene ethynylene Most heavily investigated molecular electronic switch: Nitro oligo phenylene ethynylene

4. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm All of these things ARE very small All of these things ARE very small Indeed, they are all about the size of a nanometer: Indeed, they are all about the size of a nanometer: Nano = 10 -9 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion Nano = 10 -9 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / Billion A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row A nanometer is about the size of ten atoms in a row This leads to ONE commonly used definition of nanoscience: This leads to ONE commonly used definition of nanoscience: Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things (?) Nanoscience is study of nanometer size things (?) Why the question mark? Because what is so special about a nanometer? Why the question mark? Because what is so special about a nanometer? A micrometer is ALSO awfully small: A micrometer is ALSO awfully small: Micro = 10 -6 - 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million Micro = 10 -6 - 1/1,000,000 = 1 / Million A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ size of light's wavelength A micrometer (or "micron") is ~ size of light's wavelength

5. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm And micro technology has been rolling along for half a century! And micro technology has been rolling along for half a century! Microelectronics = Integrated circuits, PC's, iPods, iPhones . . . Microelectronics = Integrated circuits, PC's, iPods, iPhones . . . Intel 4004: The original "computer on a chip" - 1971 (Source: UVA Virtual Lab) Intel 4004: The original "computer on a chip" - 1971 (Source: UVA Virtual Lab) Also = MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems): Also = MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems): Air bag accelerometers, micro-mirror TVs & projectors . . . Air bag accelerometers, micro-mirror TVs & projectors . . . (Source: Texas Instruments DLP demo - www.dlp.com/tech/what.aspx) (Source: Texas Instruments DLP demo - www.dlp.com/tech/what.aspx)

6. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Indeed, microtechnology has gotten smaller EVERY year Indeed, microtechnology has gotten smaller EVERY year MOORE'S LAW: The (then almost whimsical) 1965 observation by Intel co- founder Gordon Moore that the transistor count for integrated circuits seemed to be doubling every 18-24 months MOORE'S LAW: The (then almost whimsical) 1965 observation by Intel co- founder Gordon Moore that the transistor count for integrated circuits seemed to be doubling every 18-24 months He was really sticking his neck out: IC's had only been invented 7 years before! He was really sticking his neck out: IC's had only been invented 7 years before! (by Moore, his Fairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby) (by Moore, his Fairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby) But his "law" has since been followed for forty five years: But his "law" has since been followed for forty five years: (Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm) (Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm)

7. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm So is Nanoscience/technology really new & unique? So is Nanoscience/technology really new & unique? Micro is also VERY small Micro is also VERY small Micro has been around for a long time Micro has been around for a long time Micro has steadily shrunk to the point that it is now almost NANO anyway ! Micro has steadily shrunk to the point that it is now almost NANO anyway ! Leading to a LOT of confusion about the distinction between Micro & Nano Leading to a LOT of confusion about the distinction between Micro & Nano Even among scientists!! Even among scientists!! And likelihood that Nanotechnology will be built UPON Microtechnology And likelihood that Nanotechnology will be built UPON Microtechnology Either by using certain Microfabrication techniques Either by using certain Microfabrication techniques Or, literally, by being assembled ATOP Microstructures Or, literally, by being assembled ATOP Microstructures

8. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Meaning that the NANO "revolution" is just a lot of hype? Meaning that the NANO "revolution" is just a lot of hype? Just about making things incrementally smaller? Just about making things incrementally smaller? Just about a simple shift in the most convenient unit of measure? Just about a simple shift in the most convenient unit of measure? No, as a Nano scientist/teacher, I DO see something very unique about Nano: No, as a Nano scientist/teacher, I DO see something very unique about Nano: Nano is about boundaries where BEHAVIOR radically changes: Nano is about boundaries where BEHAVIOR radically changes: When the BEHAVIOR OF THE OBJECTS SUDDENLY CHANGES When the BEHAVIOR OF THE OBJECTS SUDDENLY CHANGES Or when OUR BEHAVIOR MUST CHANGE to make those things Or when OUR BEHAVIOR MUST CHANGE to make those things

9. Boundary #1: ELECTRON WAVES Separate NanoSCIENCE from MicroSCIENCE Boundary #1: ELECTRON WAVES Separate NanoSCIENCE from MicroSCIENCE The discovery that electrons = waves led to QUANTUM MECHANICS The discovery that electrons = waves led to QUANTUM MECHANICS A weird, new, counter intuitive, non-Newtonian way of looking at the nano world A weird, new, counter intuitive, non-Newtonian way of looking at the nano world With a particular impact upon our understanding of electrons: Electrons => Waves With a particular impact upon our understanding of electrons: Electrons => Waves How do you figure out an electrons wavelength? How do you figure out an electrons wavelength? electron = h / p De Broglies Relationship electron = h / p De Broglies Relationship ( = electron wavelength, h = Plancks Constant, p = electrons momentum) This relationship was based on series of experiments late 1800s / early 1900s To put the size of an electrons wavelength in perspective:

10. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Size of Things (orange = man-made things ) Size of Things (orange = man-made things ) Millimeters Microns Nanometers Ball of a ball point pen 0.5 Thickness of paper 0.1 100 Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 200 Talcum Powder 40 Fiberglass fibers 10 Carbon fiber 5 Human red blood cell 4 6 E-coli bacterium 1 Size of a modern transistor 0.25 250 Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 0.3 200 300 Electron wavelength: ~10 nm or less Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3 Diameter of DNA spiral 2 Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7 Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28 Size of one Atom ~0.1

11. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Below that line = Nanoscience! Below that line = Nanoscience! Its NOT just about the metric units we prefer to use when measuring things Its NOT just about the metric units we prefer to use when measuring things Things above that line are still often measured using nanometers Things above that line are still often measured using nanometers It IS about the SCIENCE (QM) => Electrons are mushy clouds of size ~ De Broglie It IS about the SCIENCE (QM) => Electrons are mushy clouds of size ~ De Broglie Above that line, clouds seem small: Electrons ~ hard B-B like dots Above that line, clouds seem small: Electrons ~ hard B-B like dots Below that line, mushy cloudiness of electrons becomes very important Below that line, mushy cloudiness of electrons becomes very important Controls electrical, optical, mechanical and other properties Controls electrical, optical, mechanical and other properties Controls bonding and nanostructure Controls bonding and nanostructure The Behavior Changes! Microscience Nanoscience The Behavior Changes! Microscience Nanoscience

12. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Above that boundary: Above that boundary: Things still behave as Sir Isaac Newton would expect Things still behave as Sir Isaac Newton would expect It is still the world WE commonly experience It is still the world WE commonly experience Even though we DO need microscopes to see its smaller things Even though we DO need microscopes to see its smaller things And even if those smaller things seem unduly influenced by: And even if those smaller things seem unduly influenced by: Water tension, static charge . . . (things we largely ignore) Water tension, static charge . . . (things we largely ignore) Below that boundary: Below that boundary: The rules of Quantum Mechanics => Mushy electron waves take over The rules of Quantum Mechanics => Mushy electron waves take over And our (Newtonian) instincts and assumptions are frequently dead wrong! And our (Newtonian) instincts and assumptions are frequently dead wrong! Or putting it into more human terms Or putting it into more human terms

13. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Boundary #2: LIGHT WAVES Separate NanoTECHNOLOGY form MicroTECHNOLOGY Boundary #2: LIGHT WAVES Separate NanoTECHNOLOGY form MicroTECHNOLOGY Technology = The things we make and how we make them Technology = The things we make and how we make them As opposed to the underlying science dictating how they act As opposed to the underlying science dictating how they act Where does lights wavelength enter into technology? Where does lights wavelength enter into technology? Micro technology is based on the use of light Micro technology is based on the use of light How? Light is used for PHOTOENGRAVING: How? Light is used for PHOTOENGRAVING: Use of light images to pattern metal parts => Use of light images to pattern metal parts => Micro projection of light images = Way we make the billions of transistors in the integrated circuits of our PCs, iPods . . . Micro projection of light images = Way we make the billions of transistors in the integrated circuits of our PCs, iPods . . . (a.k.a. Microfabrication) (a.k.a. Microfabrication)

14. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm But HOW does Light Wavelength affect Technology? But HOW does Light Wavelength affect Technology? Micro-photoengraving (photolithography) confines projected light to small beams Micro-photoengraving (photolithography) confines projected light to small beams Can confine by focusing light with a lens Can confine by focusing light with a lens Can confine by passing light through holes / shadow masks Can confine by passing light through holes / shadow masks But you cannot confine a wave into a beam narrower than its wavelength But you cannot confine a wave into a beam narrower than its wavelength Shadow images of water waves, from left, passing thru gap in barrier Shadow images of water waves, from left, passing thru gap in barrier Explore fully in lecture 2 - For now, point is cant photo-process below wavelength Explore fully in lecture 2 - For now, point is cant photo-process below wavelength OK, but what is lights wavelength? OK, but what is lights wavelength?

15. Size of Things (orange = man-made things ) Size of Things (orange = man-made things ) Millimeters Microns Nanometers Ball of a ball point pen 0.5 Thickness of paper 0.1 100 Human hair 0.02 - 0.2 20 200 Talcum Powder 40 Fiberglass fibers 10 Carbon fiber 5 Human red blood cell 4 6 E-coli bacterium 1 1000 Size of a modern transistor (fabricated using UV light) 0.25 250 Size of Smallpox virus 0.2 0.3 200 300 Electron wavelength: Upper upper limit ~ 10 nm Diameter of Carbon Nanotube 3 Diameter of DNA spiral 2 Diameter of C60 Buckyball 0.7 Diameter of Benzene ring 0.28 Size of one Atom ~0.1 Visible Light Wavelength: 0.40 0.75 microns 400 750 nm

16. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm At new (upper) visible/UV light boundary and above: At new (upper) visible/UV light boundary and above: We can still use light-based Microfabrication techniques We can still use light-based Microfabrication techniques And even though they were developed for electronics, And even though they were developed for electronics, they are now also applied to making all sorts of micro things! they are now also applied to making all sorts of micro things! Below that new boundary: Below that new boundary: NO longer able to use Microfabrication OUR behavior must change! NO longer able to use Microfabrication OUR behavior must change! Replacement is called Nanofabrication or Nanotechnology Replacement is called Nanofabrication or Nanotechnology Dirty little secret: We are still rather poor at Nanofabrication/Nanotechnology Dirty little secret: We are still rather poor at Nanofabrication/Nanotechnology We can do it in very small quantities, at very great expense We can do it in very small quantities, at very great expense But we haven't figured out how to do it well enough to = technology But we haven't figured out how to do it well enough to = technology (I'll return to this point later) (I'll return to this point later)

17. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm To recap: To recap: There are big changes in OBJECT BEHAVIOR below ~ 10 nanometers: There are big changes in OBJECT BEHAVIOR below ~ 10 nanometers: Newton is out the window. Quantum Mechanics is in. Newton is out the window. Quantum Mechanics is in. Hard sensible objects are replaced by squishy electron waves / clouds Hard sensible objects are replaced by squishy electron waves / clouds Intuition, based on our life experience => fundamentally flawed Intuition, based on our life experience => fundamentally flawed And to make things < 100 nanometers WE MUST BEHAVE differently: And to make things < 100 nanometers WE MUST BEHAVE differently: Light will not focus this small Light will not focus this small Light image based fabrication ceases to work Light image based fabrication ceases to work Need something new (Nanotechnology) - Still being defined!!! Need something new (Nanotechnology) - Still being defined!!!

18. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Further extending definitions of NANO: Further extending definitions of NANO: BIOMEDICINE: Organisms create critical barriers to penetration BIOMEDICINE: Organisms create critical barriers to penetration - Skin - Skin - Blood Brain barrier - Blood Brain barrier - Cell Membranes - Cell Membranes Barriers are breached as objects shrink from microns to nanometers Barriers are breached as objects shrink from microns to nanometers => Radical impact on organisms => Radical impact on organisms These changes in BEHAVIOR can also be taken as onset of NANO: These changes in BEHAVIOR can also be taken as onset of NANO: Boundary #3: Radically increased penetration of organisms Boundary #3: Radically increased penetration of organisms

19. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Extending definitions of NANO (cont'd): Extending definitions of NANO (cont'd): CIVIL ENGINEERING / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Dispersion CIVIL ENGINEERING / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Dispersion Normal dust particles rapidly fall out of the air Normal dust particles rapidly fall out of the air But as shrink to nanometers, winds carry them around the world! But as shrink to nanometers, winds carry them around the world! Larger pollutants can be trapped in waste sites by clay basins Larger pollutants can be trapped in waste sites by clay basins But nanometer pollutants may escape to flow into ground water But nanometer pollutants may escape to flow into ground water These changes in BEHAVIOR can also be taken as onset of NANO These changes in BEHAVIOR can also be taken as onset of NANO Boundary #4: Radically increased environmental dispersion . . . Boundary #4: Radically increased environmental dispersion . . .

20. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm So in THIS nano class: So in THIS nano class: We will NOT focus narrowly on only certain types of objects We will NOT focus narrowly on only certain types of objects We will NOT get hung up on just one unit of measurement We will NOT get hung up on just one unit of measurement We will instead search for radical changes in behavior: We will instead search for radical changes in behavior: Behavior of the objects themselves Behavior of the objects themselves Behavior of the objects interacting with organisms & ecosystems Behavior of the objects interacting with organisms & ecosystems The changes in our behavior required for their fabrication The changes in our behavior required for their fabrication (Why this class is subtitled "We're not in Kansas Anymore!) (Why this class is subtitled "We're not in Kansas Anymore!)

21. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Also want to explore how nano might become practical Also want to explore how nano might become practical Light-based processing will NOT work Light-based processing will NOT work Other present day techniques are HOPELESSLY slow and/or expensive Other present day techniques are HOPELESSLY slow and/or expensive So attractive alternative is SELF-ASSEMBLY So attractive alternative is SELF-ASSEMBLY Setting things up so that Mother Nature does the fine scale work Setting things up so that Mother Nature does the fine scale work But to ferret out where Mother Nature may give us a hand, must span: But to ferret out where Mother Nature may give us a hand, must span: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Materials Science . . . Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Materials Science . . . So I will also put major effort into providing insights into those fields So I will also put major effort into providing insights into those fields i.e., " Opening Doors " into those subjects for you i.e., " Opening Doors " into those subjects for you

22. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Specifics about how the class will go? Specifics about how the class will go? A recurring theme is wavelength, so: A recurring theme is wavelength, so: Class 2) We will start by studying waves Class 2) We will start by studying waves Of ALL types - including nice friendly water waves and light waves: Of ALL types - including nice friendly water waves and light waves: Class 3) We'll then tackle our squirreliest topic: Electron waves & quantum mechanics Class 3) We'll then tackle our squirreliest topic: Electron waves & quantum mechanics But we'll do this mostly based on what we learned about water waves + some history of why scientists became convinced electrons were truly wavelike But we'll do this mostly based on what we learned about water waves + some history of why scientists became convinced electrons were truly wavelike

23. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Well then talk about technology Well then talk about technology Class 4) Well learn a bit about microfabrication & microelectronics Class 4) Well learn a bit about microfabrication & microelectronics But the lesson will be why, despite MOORE'S LAW, these cannot be extrapolated to nano sizes But the lesson will be why, despite MOORE'S LAW, these cannot be extrapolated to nano sizes Class 5) With that knowledge, well distinguish nano science from nano technology Class 5) With that knowledge, well distinguish nano science from nano technology <= Technology <= Technology Science => Science => There is a LOT of good Nanoscience, but not yet much in the way of viable Nanotechnology! There is a LOT of good Nanoscience, but not yet much in the way of viable Nanotechnology! RF

24. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm We'll then discuss Microfabrication's likely replacement: Nanoscale Self-Assembly We'll then discuss Microfabrication's likely replacement: Nanoscale Self-Assembly Class 6) Early forms of self-assembly that man tamed (such as crystal growth) Class 6) Early forms of self-assembly that man tamed (such as crystal growth) Leading us to the master of self-assembly: Mother Nature Leading us to the master of self-assembly: Mother Nature Or what a billion years of random experimentation produced, including: Or what a billion years of random experimentation produced, including: Class 7) Self-assembly of organic molecules Class 7) Self-assembly of organic molecules

25. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Taking us to the ultimate known form of Self-Assembly: DNA Taking us to the ultimate known form of Self-Assembly: DNA Class 8) The incredible processes of DNA programmed assembly of proteins Class 8) The incredible processes of DNA programmed assembly of proteins Class 9) Leading to a discussion of how we actually "see" and measure at the nanoscale Class 9) Leading to a discussion of how we actually "see" and measure at the nanoscale

26. To the "Bleeding Edge:" Where nanoscience might be taking us: To the "Bleeding Edge:" Where nanoscience might be taking us: Class 10) Emerging nano-mechanical technologies Class 10) Emerging nano-mechanical technologies Class 11) Emerging nano-energy technologies Class 11) Emerging nano-energy technologies Class 12) Emerging nano-electronic technologies Class 12) Emerging nano-electronic technologies V g V ds

27. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Then back down to earth for some reality checks: Then back down to earth for some reality checks: Class 13) Nano molecular machines: Nanobots in our future? Class 13) Nano molecular machines: Nanobots in our future? Class 14) Legitimate fears and challenges of nanoscience & nanotechnology Class 14) Legitimate fears and challenges of nanoscience & nanotechnology

28. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Labs? Labs? - Waves ("slinky" and "snakey" springs) to sharpen your observation of waves - Waves ("slinky" and "snakey" springs) to sharpen your observation of waves - Water Waves to show why light-based processing is limited, - Water Waves to show why light-based processing is limited, why sunblocks use nanoparticles, AND why quantum mechanics is quantized why sunblocks use nanoparticles, AND why quantum mechanics is quantized - Integrated Circuit Microfabrication Cleanroom Demonstration/Tour - Integrated Circuit Microfabrication Cleanroom Demonstration/Tour - Scanning Electron Microscope - Scanning Electron Microscope - Self-Assembly (of magnetized atom analogs) - Self-Assembly (of magnetized atom analogs) - Using AFM to examine the structure of state-of-the-art integrated circuits - Using AFM to examine the structure of state-of-the-art integrated circuits - An introduction to the scanning tunneling microscope - An introduction to the scanning tunneling microscope - Using STM to see individual atoms on the surface of graphite - Using STM to see individual atoms on the surface of graphite - Super hydrophobic surfaces - Super hydrophobic surfaces - Charlottesville CSI (DNA Fingerprinting) - Charlottesville CSI (DNA Fingerprinting)

29. "A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm - Weekly personal analyses of nano news reports - Weekly personal analyses of nano news reports - Do-it-yourself models of graphene, nanotubes and Buckyballs - Do-it-yourself models of graphene, nanotubes and Buckyballs - Do-it-yourself models of DNA - Do-it-yourself models of DNA - Study of "UVA Virtual Lab" virtual reality recreations of our - Study of "UVA Virtual Lab" virtual reality recreations of our Scanning electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Scanning tunneling microscope Scanning tunneling microscope Atomic force microscope Atomic force microscope - Chapters from textbook - Chapters from textbook - Other readings - Other readings Homework? Homework?

30. A Hands-on Introduction to Nanoscience: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Nanoscience_class/Nanoscience_class.htm Credits / Acknowledgements Credits / Acknowledgements Funding for this class was obtained from the National Science Foundation (under their Nanoscience Undergraduate Education program) and from the University of Virginia. Funding for this class was obtained from the National Science Foundation (under their Nanoscience Undergraduate Education program) and from the University of Virginia. This set of notes was authored by John C. Bean who also created all figures not explicitly credited above (with the exception of lecture preview figures which are credited in their home set of lecture notes). This set of notes was authored by John C. Bean who also created all figures not explicitly credited above (with the exception of lecture preview figures which are credited in their home set of lecture notes). Many of those figures (and much of the material to be used for this class) are drawn from the "UVA Virtual Lab" ( www.virlab.virginia.edu ) website developed under earlier NSF grants. Many of those figures (and much of the material to be used for this class) are drawn from the "UVA Virtual Lab" ( www.virlab.virginia.edu ) website developed under earlier NSF grants. Copyright John C. Bean (2014) Copyright John C. Bean (2014) (However, permission is granted for use by individual instructors in non-profit academic institutions) (However, permission is granted for use by individual instructors in non-profit academic institutions)