Basics of Scientific Research

Basics of Scientific Research
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This article discusses the character of experimental scientific work and how isolated researchers rarely bring new ideas. Instead, classical team work is emphasized, with universities and scientific institutions frequently involved in the research process. The positive correlation between the quality of research and teaching is also explored.

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PowerPoint presentation about 'Basics of Scientific Research'. This presentation describes the topic on This article discusses the character of experimental scientific work and how isolated researchers rarely bring new ideas. Instead, classical team work is emphasized, with universities and scientific institutions frequently involved in the research process. The positive correlation between the quality of research and teaching is also explored.. The key topics included in this slideshow are scientific institutions, scientific conferences, experimental biology, research work, team work,. Download this presentation absolutely free.

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1. 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek What is the character of the experimental scientific work? I solated researchers are very rare , however they bring new ideas http://www.centenary.org.au/p/ourresearch/immunity/tcellbiology/ C lassical te a m work 1. Basics of research work

2. Wh at institutions are involved in the scientific research? 1) Universities 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work The symbiosis of pedagogical and scientific activities. Positive correlation between the quality of research and teaching. With respect to the quality of the scientific research the best universities are located in the USA and UK The evaluation of the quality of the particular university might be rather dependent on its original purpose.

3. World University Rankings according to the quality of their research and teaching activities Harvard, Yale, Cambridge and Oxford are usually among the top 5 B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences 1. Basics of research work

4. S cientific research is usually inherent part of the mission of good university B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences 1. Basics of research work

5. - Max Planck Society, Germany - RIKEN, Japan 2) Specialized research institutions - In contrast to universities the emp h asis is on the scientific research - They are often involved in Ph.D. programs and collaborate closely with universities - Some examples of well known research institutions: - AS CR, Czech Republic - Governmental or privat research centres B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences 1. Basics of research work

6. B130P16: Praktick zklady vdeck prce Katedra experimentln biologie rostlin PF UK http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek The spectrum of particular research teams : - is the result of the existence of scientific authorities i n the field - is the result of certain strategy (modern topics, applicability, etc.) 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences 1. Basics of research work Scientific team - basic building unit of every scientific institution, usually i nternational The interconnection between individual teams within the institution is the crucial for the efficiency of the whole institution.

7. 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences What is the structure of healthy research team? - Group leader - he /she is responsible for the scientific quality of the research, co-ordinates the work , usually the holder of some more important academical degree (Professor, Associated professor) - Research assistants, postd ocs - represent the main power of the team, they are usually in their best age ( untill 35 or 40), the most frequently asked temporary positions around the world - Specialists - experts in certain method s , they do not have their own scientific ambitions - Ph.D. students - they work on their thesis under the supervision of the leader or some of the postdocs, the thesis must fit into the profile of the team . - Diploma students - they work on their diploma thesis, topic might be broader - Younger students (bachelors) - temporary help with the laboratory work, very good for the orientation in the field - L aboratory technicians - essential for the keeping the lab in good shape. Sometimes the success of crucial experiments depends purely on their skills . B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

8. 1. Zkladn pravidla vdeck prce

9. 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences What is the structure of healthy research team? The structure is not rigid, it is gradually changed depending on the improvement of the students and quality of the group leader The relationship between teacher and pupil ( master/apprentice) is crucial for the transfer of knowledge B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

10. 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences What is wrong in the team profile? - Too many scientific topics or their inconsistency - The absence of students or too many students - The inability of group leader to properly lead and discuss all individual research projects in the group , it could lead to the fatal consequences (scientific frauds, overlooking mistakes, etc.) B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

11. B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek

12. 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences Scientific organizations/societies - join researchers according to their research field - their significance is often more important for the reasearch team than the interaction with other teams in the same building - ironically, the membership is often payed from the private money of the researcher Examples of the main scientific societies in the field of plant experimental biology: - FESPB - Federation of European Societies of Plant Biologist - ASPB American Society of Plant Biologists - support of collegiality needed for the evaluation of research grants and papers, organization of conferences, etc. B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

13. Scientific meetings - Ideal platform for the effective and fast exchange of information and experience - congresses, symposia, seminars, courses (workshops), etc. - Congresses in the field of plant experimental biology: FESPB , ASPB 1.3. Scientific institutions and organizations, scientific conferences B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work - Conferences/symposia: Gordon Research Conferences - around 250/year Keystone Symposia - around 50/year Cold Spring Harbor Conferences

14. 1.4. Ethical rules of scientific work Private reasons of the existence of scientific work - Creative activity, uncovering yet unexplored facts and rules, there is no manual for the solution - Research might be understood as a kind of craft - Private hobby for which one might be payed for - Making carrier is usually not the reason How is the particular topic selected and determined? - Following the teacher or professor, respected authority in the field - Private interest - Public acceptance and scientific relevance - phenomenon of the scientific fashion - By the provider of the money B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

15. When doing research one should : - start from the existing knowledge, groundbreaking discovery might be done through the falsification of accepted theory - avoid the repetitive discovery of already discovered facts - not formulate hypothesis without a good knowledge of the literature - bring the public good, reduce the private interest and regularly publish results (according to what you promise during matriculation) Although there is no well-established ethical codex for the research work there are several rules that should be respected: - respecting the priority of scientific discovery - respecting ideas and results of others - avoiding excesive editing and hiding of results - consistent acknowledgement of the work of all colleagues 1.4. Ethical rules of scientific work B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

16. 1.4. Ethical rules of scientific work The most frequent mistakes: - intentional ignoration of already known facts - hiding the intelectual source - suitable adjusting of results - e.g. hiding of unclear results - premature publishing or repeated publishing of the same results - pretending the practical applicability - plagiarism - both in case of original contributions and projects B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

17. Spin off companies 1.5. Financing of the scientific research B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

18. B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work Spin off companies 1.5. Financing of the scientific research

19. Grant projects: Student, doctoral, starting or junior research projects - for one to three years, young student or freshly graduated scientists - Standard research propjects - the most frequent form, three to five years. - Specialized projects - travel or publication expenses - Integration projects - interconnection of several research groups, at least five years. Overlap with the classical reseach projects. 1.5. Financing of the scientific research B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

20. 1.5. Financing of the scientific research Grant agencies: - Local (internal) G rant A gency - serves as a money-distributing organization in the frame of certain institution - The grant agency of the Charles University (GAUK; http://www.cuni.cz/UK-33.html in Czech, http://www.cuni.cz/UKENG-33.html in English students and employees are eligible for proposals here - Grant agency belonging to certain ministry (governmental) - support of research and development in certain research area (education, medicine, agriculture, culture, etc.) - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports http://www.msmt.cz/vyzkum/pro-odborniky in Czech, http://www.msmt.cz/research-and-development-1 in English S upports mainly huge, collaborative projects B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

21. 1.5. Financing of the scientific research Grant agencies: - National G rant A genc ies - independent agency supported directly from the budget (separate chapter), all research areas are covered - The Czech Science Foundation - supports research projects submitted by individuals or organizations in all research areas - National Science Foundation (NSF; http://www.nsf.gov ) the biggest and the best organized grant agency in the USA - International Grant Agency - founded in the frame EU convergence in the area of scientific research - CORDIS (Community research and development Information Service; http://cordis.europa.eu/ ) - European research council (ERC) http://erc.europa.eu ), recently founded agency supporting individual scientists all around EU B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

22. 1.6. Writing scientific projects and grant proposals, basic rules Consider which type of the project will be the most suitable at the moment, choose the grant agency Strictly keep formal requisites - project proposals are often eliminated before scientific evaluation, just because formal defects Constitute a functional team - project feasibility is guaranteed by the research institution - proposal text is similar to scientific paper, it contains expected results , the judgment of possible practical applications and financial demands Example of the scientific proposal here Evaluation of the proposal - committee of specialist selects opponents according to the topic of the proposal. Opponents are always anonymous. B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

23. Successful proposals are granted, financially supported , applicants turn to be solvers and their research institutions holders of the particular project. Reports about the progress of the project is needed every year. The outcomes of the particular project are scientific papers or patents - grant agencies strictly control how the solver publish his/her results - in case of bad outcome (no papers, no patents) the scientist has problems with all subsequent proposals - Scientific projects are all registered in the CR at the pages of Research and Development Council ( http://www.vyzkum.cz/Default.aspx?lang=en ) 1.6. Writing scientific projects and grant proposals, basic rules B130P16E: Practical basics of scientific work Department Experimental Plant Biology FSCU http:/lhr.ueb.cas.cz/petrasek 1. Basics of research work

25. Prvodce vdeckm argonem (ke snmku 14) : "je ji dlouho znmo" = nezjistil jsem si pvodn pramen "projevuje se tu urit trend" = tyto daje jsou v podstat bezcenn "akoliv nebylo mon pinst na tyto otzky jednoznanou odpov" = pokus se nezdail. ale i tak doufm, e jej budu moci publikovat "k podrobnmu studiu byly vybrny ti vzorky" = ostatn vsledky nedvaly smysl "representative results are shown iin the plot" = I really made this plot nicely "tyto vsledky budou obsahem pt studie" = jednou se snad do n pustm, jestli m k tomu nkdo dokope / poskytne finann prostedky "from our own experience" = once "in several cases" = twice "in many cases" = three times "panuje nzor" = j si myslm "panuje veobecn nzor" = pr koleg si to mysl taky "platn v du danch veliin" = neplatn "podle statistickho przkumu" = k se "statisticky vyjden odhad vznamu tchto zjitn" = pust dohad "peliv analza dosaitelnch daj" = ti strnky poznmek se mi rozpily, kdy sem si na n zvrhl pivo "je jasn e bude teba vykonat jet mnoho dal prce, ne budeme schopni porozumt tomuto jevu v jeho plnosti" = j mu nerozumm "po nsledn prci mch koleg" = ani oni mu nerozumj "Dkuji Joe Blotzovi za asistenci pi pokusu a Andr Schafferov za pnosn konzultace" = Blotz udlal prci a Schafferov mi vysvtlila, o co jde "nesmrn vznamn oblast vzkumn prce" = naprosto zbyten kol, kter mi zadala komise "doufm e tato studie podnt dal vzkum v dan oblasti" = j s tm konm