An Introduction to Viruses: General Characteristics

An Introduction to Viruses: General Characteristics
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Chapter 6 provides an overview of the general characteristics of viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites containing either DNA or RNA. Viruses depend on the synthetic machinery of the host cell

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PowerPoint presentation about 'An Introduction to Viruses: General Characteristics'. This presentation describes the topic on Chapter 6 provides an overview of the general characteristics of viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites containing either DNA or RNA. Viruses depend on the synthetic machinery of the host cell. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.

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Slide1Chapter 6 Chapter  6 An  Introduction  to  Viruses An  Introduction  to  Viruses

Slide2General characteristics General  characteristics Viruses  =  obligate, intracellular  parasites  that contain  either  DNA  or  RNA; depend  on  synthetic machinery  of  host  cell  for replication  of  the  infectious particle  called  the  virion Viruses  =  obligate, intracellular  parasites  that contain  either  DNA  or  RNA; depend  on  synthetic machinery  of  host  cell  for replication  of  the  infectious particle  called  the  virion Size  -  submicroscopic;  most are  beyond  limit  of resolution  of  light microscope  (exception  = poxviruses;  can  be  seen under  light  microscope  with proper  illumination);  size varies  from  25   m  to  250  m  (approximately  0.1 diameter  of  E.  coli   cell) Size  -  submicroscopic;  most are  beyond  limit  of resolution  of  light microscope  (exception  = poxviruses;  can  be  seen under  light  microscope  with proper  illumination);  size varies  from  25   m  to  250  m  (approximately  0.1 diameter  of  E.  coli   cell)

Slide3Structural components Structural  components Nucleic  acid  core  = genome  -  may  be  either DNA  or  RNA  but  never both;  may  be  either  single stranded  (ss)  or  double stranded  (ds);  used  in classification  (ssDNA, ssRNA,  dsDNA,  or dsRNA);  may  be  either linear  or  circular;  found  in all  mature  virus  particles (virions) Nucleic  acid  core  = genome  -  may  be  either DNA  or  RNA  but  never both;  may  be  either  single stranded  (ss)  or  double stranded  (ds);  used  in classification  (ssDNA, ssRNA,  dsDNA,  or dsRNA);  may  be  either linear  or  circular;  found  in all  mature  virus  particles (virions)

Slide4Structural components Structural  components Protein  coat  =  capsid  - shell  surrounding  and protecting  nucleic  acid core;  composed  of identical  subunits  called capsomeres;  subunits undergo  self-assembly into  geometric  shapes around  nucleic  acid core;  number  of capsomeres  is  unique for  each  virus;  contain receptors  that  combine with  complementary sites  on  host  cell  surface for  attachment;  found  in all  mature  viruses Protein  coat  =  capsid  - shell  surrounding  and protecting  nucleic  acid core;  composed  of identical  subunits  called capsomeres;  subunits undergo  self-assembly into  geometric  shapes around  nucleic  acid core;  number  of capsomeres  is  unique for  each  virus;  contain receptors  that  combine with  complementary sites  on  host  cell  surface for  attachment;  found  in all  mature  viruses

Slide5Structural components Structural  components Envelope  -  lipid  and  protein membrane  surrounding  virion; origin  =  host  cell  membrane; lipid  of  envelope  make  viruses susceptible  to  lipid  solvents and  are  more  heat  labile  than non-enveloped  viruses;  found only  in  viruses  that  exit  cell through  cell  membrane  or  bud through  nuclear  membrane during  maturation;  viruses without  envelope  are  called naked Envelope  -  lipid  and  protein membrane  surrounding  virion; origin  =  host  cell  membrane; lipid  of  envelope  make  viruses susceptible  to  lipid  solvents and  are  more  heat  labile  than non-enveloped  viruses;  found only  in  viruses  that  exit  cell through  cell  membrane  or  bud through  nuclear  membrane during  maturation;  viruses without  envelope  are  called naked Glycoprotein  spikes  -  surface projections  coded  for  by viruses;  manufactured  in  host cell  and  become  incorporated into  host  cell  membrane  prior to  virion  maturation;  often  act as  receptors  for  host  cells;  may agglutinate  rbc's Glycoprotein  spikes  -  surface projections  coded  for  by viruses;  manufactured  in  host cell  and  become  incorporated into  host  cell  membrane  prior to  virion  maturation;  often  act as  receptors  for  host  cells;  may agglutinate  rbc's

Slide6ShapeShape Protein  shell  may assume  either icosahedral  (20 equilateral  triangular faces  =  cubic symmetry)  or  helical (rod-shaped  particles composed  of  repeating protein  subunits surrounding  core  in  a helical  fashion  = helical  symmetry) shape;  some  viruses (e.g.  poxviruses)  have a  complex  shape Protein  shell  may assume  either icosahedral  (20 equilateral  triangular faces  =  cubic symmetry)  or  helical (rod-shaped  particles composed  of  repeating protein  subunits surrounding  core  in  a helical  fashion  = helical  symmetry) shape;  some  viruses (e.g.  poxviruses)  have a  complex  shape

Slide7Classification of  Viruses Classification  of  Viruses Criteria  for  classification Criteria  for  classification Nature  of  disease  (e.g.  neurotropic  viruses) Nature  of  disease  (e.g.  neurotropic  viruses) Organ  system  most  frequently  involved  (e.g.  hepatitis viruses) Organ  system  most  frequently  involved  (e.g.  hepatitis viruses) Physiochemical  characteristics Physiochemical  characteristics Type  of  nucleic  acid  (ssDNA,  ssRNA,  dsDNA,  dsRNA) Type  of  nucleic  acid  (ssDNA,  ssRNA,  dsDNA,  dsRNA) Presence  or  absence  of  envelope  -  ether  sensitive  are enveloped  while  ether  resistant  =  naked Presence  or  absence  of  envelope  -  ether  sensitive  are enveloped  while  ether  resistant  =  naked Size  (small  =  picornaviruses  to  large  =  poxviruses) Size  (small  =  picornaviruses  to  large  =  poxviruses) Vertebrate  viruses  classified  into  13  families  of  RNA- containing  viruses  and  7  families  of  DNA  viruses Vertebrate  viruses  classified  into  13  families  of  RNA- containing  viruses  and  7  families  of  DNA  viruses

Slide8Replication Cycle Replication  Cycle

Slide9Attachment &  Adsorption Attachment  &  Adsorption cell  surface  phenomenon;  adsorption  involves  specific interaction  between  sites  on  viruses  and  receptors  on cell  membrane  of  host  cell  via  ionic  or  electrostatic interactions  (e.g.  HIV  attaches  via  gp120  of  virus  to  CD4 receptor  on  T  cells);  tropism  =   susceptibility  of  only certain  cells  to  particular  viral  agent  -  may  be  related  to presence  or  absence  of  receptors  on  host  cell cell  surface  phenomenon;  adsorption  involves  specific interaction  between  sites  on  viruses  and  receptors  on cell  membrane  of  host  cell  via  ionic  or  electrostatic interactions  (e.g.  HIV  attaches  via  gp120  of  virus  to  CD4 receptor  on  T  cells);  tropism  =   susceptibility  of  only certain  cells  to  particular  viral  agent  -  may  be  related  to presence  or  absence  of  receptors  on  host  cell

Slide10PenetrationPenetration usually  occurs  by  phagocytosis  (naked  viruses) or  fusion  (enveloped  viruses) usually  occurs  by  phagocytosis  (naked  viruses) or  fusion  (enveloped  viruses)

Slide11Uncoating &  Biosynthesis Uncoating  &  Biosynthesis Uncoating  -  involves  removal  of  protein  coat  and  release of  viral  nucleic  acid;  may  involve  host  enzymes (proteolytic)  and/or  viral  coded  enzymes  brought  in  with virus  or  synthesized  in  new  host Uncoating  -  involves  removal  of  protein  coat  and  release of  viral  nucleic  acid;  may  involve  host  enzymes (proteolytic)  and/or  viral  coded  enzymes  brought  in  with virus  or  synthesized  in  new  host Biosynthesis Biosynthesis  Involves  synthesis  of  viral  nucleic  acid,  viral  coat proteins  and  virus-specific  enzymes  -  each  is synthesized  separately  Involves  synthesis  of  viral  nucleic  acid,  viral  coat proteins  and  virus-specific  enzymes  -  each  is synthesized  separately  Site  of  viral  synthesis  varies  depending  on  type  of  NA; generalizations  include:  Site  of  viral  synthesis  varies  depending  on  type  of  NA; generalizations  include: Most  DNA  viruses  synthesize  DNA  in  nucleus  of host  cell  &  proteins  (structural  &  enzymatic)  in cytoplasm Most  DNA  viruses  synthesize  DNA  in  nucleus  of host  cell  &  proteins  (structural  &  enzymatic)  in cytoplasm Most  RNA  viruses  synthesize  all  viral  components in  cytoplasm Most  RNA  viruses  synthesize  all  viral  components in  cytoplasm No  infectious  virus  particles  are  detected  during  this period  =  eclipse  period No  infectious  virus  particles  are  detected  during  this period  =  eclipse  period

Slide12Maturation (Assembly  of  virions) Maturation  (Assembly  of  virions) Maturation  (Assembly  of  virions)  -  involves combining  of  synthesized  NA  and  protein; occurs  in  nucleus  with  most  DNA  viruses &  cytoplasm  with  most  RNA  viruses;  most capsids  self-assemble  around  genome; defective  (incomplete)  viruses  occur  when NA  is  not  coated  by  protein  (empty  coats or  non-viral  NA  placed  in  coat) Maturation  (Assembly  of  virions)  -  involves combining  of  synthesized  NA  and  protein; occurs  in  nucleus  with  most  DNA  viruses &  cytoplasm  with  most  RNA  viruses;  most capsids  self-assemble  around  genome; defective  (incomplete)  viruses  occur  when NA  is  not  coated  by  protein  (empty  coats or  non-viral  NA  placed  in  coat)

Slide13ReleaseRelease Host  cell  disintegration  (lysis)  - occurs  when  cell  fills  with  virus particles;  causes  death  of  cell and  release  of  naked  viruses Host  cell  disintegration  (lysis)  - occurs  when  cell  fills  with  virus particles;  causes  death  of  cell and  release  of  naked  viruses Slow  release  through  cell membrane  as  part  of  budding process  -  results  in  release  of enveloped  viruses;  cell  may  not die  for  a  long  time  &  can continue  to  shed  virus  particles; some  proteins  synthesized under  viral  control  become incorporated  into  CM  of  host and  become  incorporated  into virion  as  virus  buds  through membrane  (glycoprotein spikes);  important  in  cellular immunity  (proteins  are  antigenic and  host  recognizes  these proteins  as  foreign  mounting immune  response  against  cells with  these  proteins  in  their membranes) Slow  release  through  cell membrane  as  part  of  budding process  -  results  in  release  of enveloped  viruses;  cell  may  not die  for  a  long  time  &  can continue  to  shed  virus  particles; some  proteins  synthesized under  viral  control  become incorporated  into  CM  of  host and  become  incorporated  into virion  as  virus  buds  through membrane  (glycoprotein spikes);  important  in  cellular immunity  (proteins  are  antigenic and  host  recognizes  these proteins  as  foreign  mounting immune  response  against  cells with  these  proteins  in  their membranes)

Slide14Effects of  Viruses  on  Host  Cells Effects  of  Viruses  on  Host  Cells Effects  of  viruses  on  host cells  =  cytopathic  effects (CPE)  –  morphologic alterations  that  occur  in virus-infected  cells;  often visible  in  light  microscope Effects  of  viruses  on  host cells  =  cytopathic  effects (CPE)  –  morphologic alterations  that  occur  in virus-infected  cells;  often visible  in  light  microscope  Inclusions  =  intracellular structures;  may  be cytoplasmic  or  nuclear; represent  aggregates  of viral  nucleic  acid  or protein,  mature  virions  or degenerative  cell  reaction products;  serve  as markers  of  certain  viral infections  (e.g.  Negri bodies  =  intracytoplasmic inclusions  of  rabies infection;  Owl's  eyes  = cytomegaloviruses)  Inclusions  =  intracellular structures;  may  be cytoplasmic  or  nuclear; represent  aggregates  of viral  nucleic  acid  or protein,  mature  virions  or degenerative  cell  reaction products;  serve  as markers  of  certain  viral infections  (e.g.  Negri bodies  =  intracytoplasmic inclusions  of  rabies infection;  Owl's  eyes  = cytomegaloviruses)

Slide15Effects of  Viruses  on  Host  Cells Effects  of  Viruses  on  Host  Cells Syncytia  (multinucleated  giant  cells)  -  represent  fusion of  virus-infected  cells  with  contiguous  uninfected  cells; form  giant  cells  with  many  nuclei;  caused  by  virus- induced  changes  in  CM;  allows  cell  to  cell  spread  of virus  without  coming  in  contact  with  humoral  immunity (e.g.  respiratory  syncytial  viruses) Syncytia  (multinucleated  giant  cells)  -  represent  fusion of  virus-infected  cells  with  contiguous  uninfected  cells; form  giant  cells  with  many  nuclei;  caused  by  virus- induced  changes  in  CM;  allows  cell  to  cell  spread  of virus  without  coming  in  contact  with  humoral  immunity (e.g.  respiratory  syncytial  viruses) Cell  necrosis  or  death  -  rate  of  destruction  depends  on degree  of  shut-down  of  host  cellular  functions  and  rate of  synthesis  with  accumulation  of  toxic  viral  structural proteins;  cytolytic  effects  are  visible  microscopically  and when  destruction  is  extensive,  effects  can  be  seen  with naked  eye  forming  areas  referred  to  as  plaques  in  tissue cultures;  in  vivo,  destruction  of  large  numbers  of  cells results  in  impairment  of  tissue  or  organ  structure  & function Cell  necrosis  or  death  -  rate  of  destruction  depends  on degree  of  shut-down  of  host  cellular  functions  and  rate of  synthesis  with  accumulation  of  toxic  viral  structural proteins;  cytolytic  effects  are  visible  microscopically  and when  destruction  is  extensive,  effects  can  be  seen  with naked  eye  forming  areas  referred  to  as  plaques  in  tissue cultures;  in  vivo,  destruction  of  large  numbers  of  cells results  in  impairment  of  tissue  or  organ  structure  & function

Slide16Host Cell  Response Host  Cell  Response Non-immunological  =  interferon  production Non-immunological  =  interferon  production Immunological Immunological  Humoral  -  inhibits  adsorption  of  virus  to  host cell  surface  (blocks  receptors  on  virus)  Humoral  -  inhibits  adsorption  of  virus  to  host cell  surface  (blocks  receptors  on  virus)  Cell  mediated  -  acts  against  viral-specific proteins  incorporated  into  host  cell membrane;  involves  destruction  of  infected cell  by  sensitized  T  cells  Cell  mediated  -  acts  against  viral-specific proteins  incorporated  into  host  cell membrane;  involves  destruction  of  infected cell  by  sensitized  T  cells

Slide17Laboratory Techniques  with Viruses Laboratory  Techniques  with Viruses Viral  isolation  - require  present  of living  cells Viral  isolation  - require  present  of living  cells Laboratory  animals  - suckling  animals usually  more susceptible  than adult  animals  (e.g. suckling  mice  or guinea  pigs) Laboratory  animals  - suckling  animals usually  more susceptible  than adult  animals  (e.g. suckling  mice  or guinea  pigs) Embryonated  eggs  - chick  or  duck  eggs used  most  often; viruses  grow  in embryo  or  on membranes Embryonated  eggs  - chick  or  duck  eggs used  most  often; viruses  grow  in embryo  or  on membranes

Slide18Laboratory Techniques  with Viruses Laboratory  Techniques  with Viruses Tissue  culture Tissue  culture Primary  cell  lines  -  prepared  directly  from tissue  excised  from  humans  or  animals (e.g.  primary  monkey  kidney  =  PMK  cells) Primary  cell  lines  -  prepared  directly  from tissue  excised  from  humans  or  animals (e.g.  primary  monkey  kidney  =  PMK  cells) Continuous  cell  lines  -  cells  that  have  been passaged  indefinitely;  are  usually  derived from  malignant  or  premalignant  cells  (e.g. HeLa  from  human  cervical  carcinoma  and HEp-2  from  human  laryngeal  carcinoma Continuous  cell  lines  -  cells  that  have  been passaged  indefinitely;  are  usually  derived from  malignant  or  premalignant  cells  (e.g. HeLa  from  human  cervical  carcinoma  and HEp-2  from  human  laryngeal  carcinoma

Slide19Laboratory Techniques  with Viruses Laboratory  Techniques  with Viruses Serological  methods Serological  methods Patient's  serum  - show  rising  titer  of antibodies  to  specific viruses Patient's  serum  - show  rising  titer  of antibodies  to  specific viruses Tissue  culture  -  used to  identify  viruses  that have  been  grown  in the  laboratory;  have specific  antisera  for viruses;  most  often show  neutralization  of effect  by  antisera  as indication  of  identity  of virus Tissue  culture  -  used to  identify  viruses  that have  been  grown  in the  laboratory;  have specific  antisera  for viruses;  most  often show  neutralization  of effect  by  antisera  as indication  of  identity  of virus