Operational Budgets: Purposes and Functions


This chapter focuses on the role and benefits of operational budgets in the business setting. The overall purpose of budgeting is to create a quantifiable plan that can be monitored and improved for better
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Slide1C H A P T E R5 Operational Budgets Operational Budgets
Slide2What are the Purposes ofBudgeting ? OVERALL PURPOSE : To quantify a general plan so that performance in relation to a goal can be carefully monitored. TWOFOLD PURPOSE FIRST : To allow individuals or companies to develop a plan to meet a specified goal . SECOND : To allow ongoing comparison between actual results and the plan in order to control operations or activities.
Slide3Describe Two Types of PlanningLong-run planning includes strategic planning and capital budgeting Short-run planning includes production process prioritizing and operational budgeting or profit planning
Slide4List Reasons for Budgeting1. Planning and setting objectives 2. Communication and coordination 3. Authorization 4. Motivation 5. Conflict resolution 6. Evaluation
Slide5Budgeting ProcessWho or what is the budget committee ? A management group responsible for establishing budgeting policy and for coordinating the preparation of budgets. What are two issues of the budgeting process? Behavioral considerations Involvement in preparing the budget
Slide6List Behavioral Considerations1. Top management support 2. Employee participation 3. Addressing budget deviations
Slide7Describe the Top-Down Approachto Budgeting Top Management Manager Manager Manager Top management prepares the entire budget and distributes it to division managers.
Slide8Describe the Bottom-Up Approachto Budgeting Top Management Manager Manager Manager Each manager prepares a budget request, from which management creates an overall budget.
Slide9Master Budget—ManufacturingSales Budget* Selling/Admin. Expense Budget* Production Budget Direct Labor Budget* Manufacturing Overhead Budget* Direct Materials Budget* Budgeted Income Statement Budgeted Balance Sheet Budgeted Cash Flows Cash Budget Capital Expenditures Budget Operating Budget Capital Project Plans Short-Term Objectives Strategic Goals and Plans Budgeted Product Sheet * These budgets all flow into the cash budget below. Planning Process Financial Budgeting * * * *
Slide10Sales BudgetMaster Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. A schedule of projected sales over the budget period. A schedule of projected sales over the budget period.
Slide11Example: Sales BudgetSelling price per bike . . . . . . $ 100 Expected sales (units). . . . . x 100 Expected revenues . . . . . . . $10,000 Selling price per bike . . . . . . $ 100 Expected sales (units). . . . . x 100 Expected revenues . . . . . . . $10,000
Slide12Sales BudgetProduction Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. A schedule of production requirements for the budget period. A schedule of production requirements for the budget period.
Slide13Example: Production BudgetExpected sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Add desired ending inventory. . . . 105 Total number of bikes needed . . 205 Less beginning inventory . . . . . . . 70 Bikes to be produced . . . . . . . . . . 135 Expected sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Add desired ending inventory. . . . 105 Total number of bikes needed . . 205 Less beginning inventory . . . . . . . 70 Bikes to be produced . . . . . . . . . . 135 Note: Ending inventory is estimated at 80% of the next period’s sales.
Slide14Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. A schedule of direct materials to be used and purchased during the budget period. A schedule of direct materials to be used and purchased during the budget period.
Slide15Example: Direct Materials BudgetDirect materials usage: Direct Amount Unit Total Materials Required Cost Cost Metal 2,700 lbs. $2.00/ft. $5,400 Plastic 405 lbs. $1.00/ft. $ 405 Direct materials usage: Direct Amount Unit Total Materials Required Cost Cost Metal 2,700 lbs. $2.00/ft. $5,400 Plastic 405 lbs. $1.00/ft. $ 405
Slide16Example: Direct Materials BudgetDirect materials purchases: Metal Plastic Desired ending inventory. . . . . 2,100 315 Needed for production. . . . . . . 2,700 405 Total needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,800 720 Less beginning inventory. . . . . 2,800 210 Materials to be purchased . . . . 2,000 510 Unit cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x $2 x $1 Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,000 $ 510 Direct materials purchases: Metal Plastic Desired ending inventory. . . . . 2,100 315 Needed for production. . . . . . . 2,700 405 Total needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,800 720 Less beginning inventory. . . . . 2,800 210 Materials to be purchased . . . . 2,000 510 Unit cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x $2 x $1 Total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,000 $ 510
Slide17Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Direct Labor Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. A schedule of direct labor requirements for the budget period. A schedule of direct labor requirements for the budget period.
Slide18Example: Direct Labor BudgetNumber of bikes to produce. . . . 135 Direct labor hours per bike. . . . . x 3 Total hours required. . . . . . . . . 405 Rate per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x $5 Total direct labor cost. . . . . . . . $2,025 Number of bikes to produce. . . . 135 Direct labor hours per bike. . . . . x 3 Total hours required. . . . . . . . . 405 Rate per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x $5 Total direct labor cost. . . . . . . . $2,025
Slide19Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Direct Labor Budget Manufacturing Overhead Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. A schedule of production costs other than those for direct labor and direct materials. A schedule of production costs other than those for direct labor and direct materials.
Slide20Example: ManufacturingOverhead Budget Variable costs: Indirect materials costs. . . . . . . . . $ 220 Indirect labor costs . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Total variable costs. . . . . . . . . . . $ 820 Fixed costs: Insurance expense. . . . . . . . . . . . $ 200 Depreciation expense. . . . . . . . . . 600 Total fixed costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 800 Total manufacturing overhead . . . $1,620 Variable costs: Indirect materials costs. . . . . . . . . $ 220 Indirect labor costs . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Total variable costs. . . . . . . . . . . $ 820 Fixed costs: Insurance expense. . . . . . . . . . . . $ 200 Depreciation expense. . . . . . . . . . 600 Total fixed costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 800 Total manufacturing overhead . . . $1,620
Slide21Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Direct Labor Budget Manufacturing Overhead Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. Budgeted Product Cost Sheet Selling and Administrative Expense Budget A schedule to accumulate all the budgeted production cost to produce each bike A schedule to accumulate all the budgeted production cost to produce each bike
Slide22Budgeted Product Cost Sheet Input Required Cost Cost Inputs per Bike Metal $2.00/ft. 20 $40.00 Plastic $1.00/ft. 3 3.00 Direct labor $5.00/hr. 3 15.00 Fixed OH $1.98/hr. 3 5.94 Variable OH $2.02/hr. 3 6.06 Total variable cost per bike . . . . . $70.00 Total fixed MOH $1,620 Divide by Production Volume 135 bikes Fixed MOH cost allocated per bike 12.00 Total $82.00 Input Required Cost Cost Inputs per Bike Metal $2.00/ft. 20 $40.00 Plastic $1.00/ft. 3 3.00 Direct labor $5.00/hr. 3 15.00 Fixed OH $1.98/hr. 3 5.94 Variable OH $2.02/hr. 3 6.06 Total variable cost per bike . . . . . $70.00 Total fixed MOH $1,620 Divide by Production Volume 135 bikes Fixed MOH cost allocated per bike 12.00 Total $82.00
Slide23Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Direct Labor Budget Manufacturing Overhead Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. Selling and Administrative Expense Budget A schedule of all non-production spending expected to occur during the budget period. A schedule of all non-production spending expected to occur during the budget period.
Slide24Example: Selling andAdministrative Budget Variable expenses: Sales commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 400 Total variable expenses. . . . . . . . . . $ 400 Fixed expenses: Salaries expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,000 Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Advertising expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Total fixed expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . $1,300 Total selling and administrative expenses. . . . . . . . . $1,700
Slide25Sales BudgetPurchases Budget Budgeted Income Statement Master Budget—Merchandising Define each budget. Selling and Administrative Expense Budget A schedule of projected purchases over the budget period. A schedule of projected purchases over the budget period.
Slide26Master Budget—ServiceDefine each budget. Pro-Forma Income Statement Revenue Budget Wages and Salaries Budget Production Budget Cash Budget Pro-Forma Balance Sheet Selling/Admin. Expense Budget Overhead Budget Supplies Budget Pro-Forma Statement of Cash Flows A service entity’s budget that identifies how much revenue will be generated during a period.
Slide27Sales BudgetProduction Budget Direct Materials Budget Direct Labor Budget Manufacturing Overhead Budget Master Budget—Manufacturing Define each budget. Cash Budget Selling and Administrative Expense Budget A schedule of expected cash receipts and disbursements during the budget period. A schedule of expected cash receipts and disbursements during the budget period.
Slide28Example: Cash BudgetCash balance, beginning . . . . . . . . . $ 4,900 Add collections from customers . . . . 10,100 (1)Total cash available. . . . . . . . . . $15,000 Less disbursements for: Direct materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,000 Direct labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 Equipment purchase . . . . . . . . . 2,000 (2)Total disbursements. . . . . . . . . . $ 7,000 Minimum cash balance desired. . . . . 6,000 Total cash needed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,000 Excess (or deficiency) of cash available before financing. . . . . $ 2,000 (3) Financing needed . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Ending cash balance [(1) – (2) + (3)] $ 2,000
Slide29Define Static versusFlexible Budgeting • Static Budgeting : • A quantified plan that projects revenues and costs for only one level of activity. • Not useful for controlling costs and measuring performance because the actual level of activity may have differed significantly from the planned level. • Flexible Budgeting • A quantified plan that projects revenues and costs for varying levels of activity. • More useful for control and performance evaluation because it is not confined to one level of activity.