Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)


Learn about EBM, which integrates best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. Find out why it is necessary for better healthcare.
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About Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)
PowerPoint presentation about 'Introduction to Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)'. This presentation describes the topic on Learn about EBM, which integrates best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. Find out why it is necessary for better healthcare.. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.
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Slide1www.cebm.netEvidence-Based Medicine Prof. Carl Heneghan Director CEBM University of Oxford
Slide2www.cebm.net
Slide4What is Evidence-BasedMedicine? “ Evidence-based medicine is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values ”
Slide6Why do we need EBM?
Slide9www.cebm.netWhy do we need RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ? In the early 1980s newly introduced antiarrhythmics were found to be highly successful at suppressing arrhythmias. Not until a RCT was performed was it realized that, although these drugs suppressed arrhythmias, they actually increased mortality. The CAST trial revealed Excess mortality of 56/1000. By the time the results of this trial were published, at least 100,000 such patients had been taking these drugs.
Slide12•For every 1000 patients treated 65 more will be alive at 1 month if treatment is administered in the first hour – the ‘golden hour’ – after symptom onset, compared with not giving thrombolysis; • 37 lives are saved for every 1000 patients treated in the 1–2 hour interval after symptom onset; • 26 lives are saved for every 1000 patients treated in the 2–3 hour interval after symptom onset; • 29 lives are saved for every 1000 patients treated in the 3–6 hour interval after symptom onset; • 20 lives are saved for every 1000 patients treated in the 7–12 hour interval after symptom onset.
Slide13•Allocation to antiplatelet therapy produced a highly significant reduction (P<0.00001) of 38 per 1000 in the risk of suffering a subsequent vascular event
Slide14Pain relief
Slide15Beware of text books
Slide16“A 21st century clinicianwho cannot critically read a study is as unprepared as one who cannot take a blood pressure or examine the cardiovascular system.” BMJ 2008:337:704-705
Slide17EBMas a medical student?
Slide18Be aware that treatment options should bebased on clinical need and the effectiveness of treatment options, and that decisions should be arrived at through assessment and discussion with the patient
Slide19Must be aware of their responsibility tomaintain their knowledge and skills throughout there careers. Students are expected to keep up to date and to apply knowledge necessary for good clinical care.
Slide20what skills will youneed to keep up to date with the best evidence? • to find the evidence more efficiently • to appraise the quality of the evidence more effectively • to use good quality evidence more systematically Must be aware of their responsibility to maintain their knowledge and skills throughout there careers. Students are expected to keep up to date and to apply knowledge necessary for good clinical care.
Slide21about 1/2 of ‘valid’evidence today is out of date in 5 years ScienceCartoonsPlus.com about 1/2 of valid evidence is not implemented
Slide22the steps of practicing EBM1 . Ask a focused question . 2. Track down the evidence 3. Critically appraise evidence for its validity, effect size, precision 4. Apply the evidence in practice: a. amalgamate the valid evidence with other relevant information (values & preferences, clinical/health issues, & system issues) b. implement the decision in practice
Slide231. A sk a focused question. Patient presenting with MI
Slide24‘Background ’ Questions About the disorder, test, treatment, etc. a. Root* + Verb: “ What causes … ” b. Condition: “ HIV? ” • * Who, What, Where, When, Why ,
Slide25Patient presenting with MI 1. What are the symptoms and signs of someone presenting with MI? 2. What are the diagnostic tests for MI? 3. What are the causes of MI? 4. What are the treatments of MI?
Slide28 Know your background
Slide29Patient presenting with MIForeground ’ Questions About actual patient care decisions and actions For treatment 4 (or 3) components: In P atients with a MI Does ( I ) cholesterol lowering therapy C ompared to placebo reduce mortality ( O )
Slide30During the scheduled treatmentperiod, there were 3832 (8·5%) deaths among the 45 054 participants allocated a statin compared with 4354 (9·7%) among the 45 002 controls. This difference represents a 12% proportional reduction in all- cause mortality per mmol/L LDL cholesterol reduction (RR 0·88, 95% CI 0·84–0·91; p<0·0001; figure 1).
Slide31Secondary Prevention Secondary Prevention Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study CHD Death (%) Placebo 8.3 Pravastatin 9 6 3 0 6.4 P<0.001 24% RRR CHD=Coronary heart disease, MI=Myocardial infarction, RRR=Relative risk reduction LIPID Study Group. NEJM 1998;339:1349–1357 9,014 patients with a history of MI or hospitalization for unstable angina randomized to pravastatin (40 mg) or placebo for 6.1 years Statins provide significant benefit across a broad range of cholesterol levels
Slide32Patient presenting with MI1. How common is the problem Prevalence 2. Is early detection worthwhile Screening 3. Is the diagnostic test accurate Diagnosis 4. What will happen if we do nothing Prognosis 5. Does this intervention help Treatment 6. What are the common harms of an intervention Treatment 7. What are the rare harms of an intervention Treatment
Slide34Size of Medical Knowledge• NLM MetaThesaurus – 875,255 concepts – 2.14 million concept names • Diagnosis Pro – 11,000 diseases – 30,000 abnormalities (symptoms, signs, lab, X-ray,) – 3,200 drugs (cf FDAs 18,283 products) 1 disease per day for 30 years To cover the vast field of medicine in four years is an impossible task. - William Olser
Slide355,000?per day 2,000 per day 7 5 per day Articles Per Year why do we need to use evidence efficiently? EBP: informing decisions with the best up-to-date evidence
Slide36Median minutes/week spent readingabout my patients Self-reports at 17 Grand Rounds: • Medical Students: 90 minutes • House Officers (PGY1): 0 (up to 70%=none) • SHOs (PGY2-4): 20 (up to 15%=none) • Registrars: 45 (up to 40%=none) • Sr. Registrars 30 (up to 15%=none) • Consultants: – Grad. Post 1975: 45 (up to 30%=none) – Grad. Pre 1975: 30 (up to 40%=none)
Slide37bastian, glasziou, chalmers plos 2010 vol 7 | issue 9 | e1000326more efficiently clinical evidence increasing so rapidly we need better skills to keep up-to-date more efficiently than previous generations of clinicians
Slide38the steps of practicing EBM1 . ask a focused question . 2. Track down the evidence 3. Critically appraise evidence for its validity, effect size, precision 4. apply the evidence in practice: a. amalgamate the valid evidence with other relevant information (values & preferences, clinical/health issues, & system issues) and make an evidence-based decision ; and b. implement the decision in practice
Slide42the steps of practicing EBM1. Ask a focused question. 2. Track down the evidence 3. Critically appraise evidence for its validity, effect size, precision (NEXT month) 4. Apply the evidence in practice: a. amalgamate the valid evidence with other relevant information (values & preferences, clinical/health issues, & system issues) b. implement the decision in practice
Slide43In the next 4 weeks• Try to ask for one patient you have seen: 1. What causes the disease? 2. How was the disease diagnosed? 3. How was the patient treated? 4. What is the natural history of the disease? 5. Consider formulating a PICO And try to find some evidence