Long-term Causes of World War I: Rival Alliances
This article focuses on the long-term causes of World War I, specifically the formation of rival alliances that contributed to the outbreak of the war. It examines the Triple Alliance
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Slide1AP EuroCh 26: War and Revolution 1914-1919 Pt 1
Slide2I. Long-term causes of World War I I. Long-term causes of World War I • A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente • 1. 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco- Prussian War. • Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France • A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente • 1. 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco- Prussian War. • Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France
Slide3•2. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria • Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. • 3. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 • a. Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. • 2. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria • Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. • 3. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 • a. Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country.
Slide4•b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 • This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it • Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria • France courted Russia and the two became allies – Dual Alliance • b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 • This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it • Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria • France courted Russia and the two became allies – Dual Alliance
Slide5•3. "Splendid Isolation" for Britain: After 1891, Britain was the only non-aligned power • 4. Entente Cordial (1904): In the face of Anglo-German naval arms race, Britain and France settled all outstanding colonial disputes in Africa. • 3. "Splendid Isolation" for Britain: After 1891, Britain was the only non-aligned power • 4. Entente Cordial (1904): In the face of Anglo-German naval arms race, Britain and France settled all outstanding colonial disputes in Africa.
Slide6ColonialRivalries : Africa in 1914 Colonial Rivalries : Africa in 1914
Slide7Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
Slide8•6. Triple Entente, 1907: Britain, France and Russia • a. Formed to check the power of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) • b. Not truly a formal alliance but one done in principle • 6. Triple Entente, 1907: Britain, France and Russia • a. Formed to check the power of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) • b. Not truly a formal alliance but one done in principle
Slide9B. The Anglo-German arms raceB. The Anglo-German arms race 1. Militarism led to a belief in the inevitability of a general European war. • a. Germany overtook Britain industrially in the 1890s 2. British policy was to have its fleet larger than the combined fleets of any two rival nations 1. Militarism led to a belief in the inevitability of a general European war. • a. Germany overtook Britain industrially in the 1890s 2. British policy was to have its fleet larger than the combined fleets of any two rival nations
Slide10a.1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II began expansion of German navy to protect a growing international trade and colonialism • b. Haldane Mission (1912): British tried unsuccessfully to end naval arms race with Germany a. 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II began expansion of German navy to protect a growing international trade and colonialism • b. Haldane Mission (1912): British tried unsuccessfully to end naval arms race with Germany
Slide114.By World War I, both Britain and Germany possessed Dreadnoughts—new super battleships with awesome firing range and power
Slide12C. Imperialism led to increased tensionsbetween the Great Powers over Africa C. Imperialism led to increased tensions between the Great Powers over Africa 1.Berlin Conference, 1885: Germany's late entry into imperialism led Bismarck to establish rules for carving up Africa a. Germany aggressively set out to acquire colonies, sometimes coming into conflict with rival European powers 1.Berlin Conference, 1885: Germany's late entry into imperialism led Bismarck to establish rules for carving up Africa a. Germany aggressively set out to acquire colonies, sometimes coming into conflict with rival European powers
Slide132. 1905 - The First Moroccan Crisis2. 1905 - The First Moroccan Crisis a. Kaiser Wilhelm had urged Moroccan independence despite its being a French colony b. Britain, France, Russia, & U.S. saw Germany as potential threat to dominate all Europe c. Germany became further isolated (except for Austria's support)
Slide14•Germany decried "encirclement" by other powers to block Germany's emergence as world power • The Triple Entente was created in response • Germany decried "encirclement" by other powers to block Germany's emergence as world power • The Triple Entente was created in response
Slide15Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)• German gunboat sent to Morocco to protest French occupation of the city of Fez. • Britain once again supported France • Some observers believed this conflict would escalate into a world war. • Germany backed down for minor concessions in equatorial Africa.
Slide16D. Nationalism created a "powder keg"in the Balkans D. Nationalism created a "powder keg" in the Balkans • As The Ottoman Empire receded from the Balkans a power vacuum was created there • This was the so-called Eastern Question. • As The Ottoman Empire receded from the Balkans a power vacuum was created there • This was the so-called Eastern Question.
Slide17The Balkans in 1878The Balkans in 1878
Slide18•Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples, encouraged the Serbs, Bosnians, Slovenes, and Croats to seek a single political entity in Southern Europe • As the southern Slavs’ “big brother” to the east, Russia focused on Balkan territories in the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires after its humiliating loss in the Russo- Japanese War. • (Russia desired a year-round warm water port)
Slide193. First Balkan War (1912)3. First Balkan War (1912) • Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to successfully drive the Turks out of the Balkans • The fighting lasted less than one month • Most of the formerly-Ottoman Balkan territories were now divided up among the Balkan states • Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to successfully drive the Turks out of the Balkans • The fighting lasted less than one month • Most of the formerly-Ottoman Balkan territories were now divided up among the Balkan states
Slide20•Serbia sought port access to the Adriatic Sea but was rebuffed when Austria created the state of Albania to block Serbia.
Slide214. Second Balkan War (1913)4. Second Balkan War (1913) • Bulgaria was angered that Serbia and Greece had acquired significant territory in Macedonia and thus attacked both countries. • Serbia defeated Bulgaria in its quest for Macedonia and temporarily gained Albania as a result • Russia backed its Slavic neighbor, Serbia • Bulgaria was angered that Serbia and Greece had acquired significant territory in Macedonia and thus attacked both countries. • Serbia defeated Bulgaria in its quest for Macedonia and temporarily gained Albania as a result • Russia backed its Slavic neighbor, Serbia
Slide22•Austria, with German support against Russia, prevented Serbia from holding onto Albania • Serbia was frustrated as it still had no access to the Adriatic Sea; Albania gained independence. • Austria, with German support against Russia, prevented Serbia from holding onto Albania • Serbia was frustrated as it still had no access to the Adriatic Sea; Albania gained independence.
Slide23The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913
Slide24•"Third Balkan War" between Austria and Serbia became World War I in the summer of 1914
Slide25II. Immediate causes of World War III. Immediate causes of World War I • June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian heir to throne, was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (member of the ultra-nationalist Serbian "Black Hand") while visiting Bosnia-Herzegovina. • June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian heir to throne, was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (member of the ultra-nationalist Serbian "Black Hand") while visiting Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Slide26Archduke Franz Ferdinand &His Family Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Slide27The Balkansin 1914 The Balkans in 1914
Slide28•Kaiser Wilhelm II pledged unwavering support to Austria to punish Serbia: "the blank check" • Austria made harsh demands on Serbia by requiring Serbia to punish all forms of anti- Austrian sentiment and participate in joint judicial proceedings against anti-Austrian activity. • Kaiser Wilhelm II pledged unwavering support to Austria to punish Serbia: "the blank check" • Austria made harsh demands on Serbia by requiring Serbia to punish all forms of anti- Austrian sentiment and participate in joint judicial proceedings against anti-Austrian activity.
Slide29•Eventually Serbia agreed to most of Austria’s terms except judicial proceedings which it wanted adjudicated by the International Tribunal at the Hague. • Eventually Serbia agreed to most of Austria’s terms except judicial proceedings which it wanted adjudicated by the International Tribunal at the Hague.
Slide30C. July 28, Austria declared war onSerbia C. July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia • Claimed Serbia had not accommodated adequately Austria’s demands. • July 29, Austria began bombarding Belgrade (the capital of Serbia) • This represented the first military aggression of the war. • Claimed Serbia had not accommodated adequately Austria’s demands. • July 29, Austria began bombarding Belgrade (the capital of Serbia) • This represented the first military aggression of the war.
Slide31•In response, Russia mobilized its armies against Austria & Germany • France, in response, mobilized on Germany's western border • In response, Russia mobilized its armies against Austria & Germany • France, in response, mobilized on Germany's western border
Slide32C. Aug 1, Germany declared war on FranceC. Aug 1, Germany declared war on France • Aug. 3, Germany invaded Belgium (on its way through to France) • In effect, Germany turned the little localized war in the Balkans into a world war by attacking Belgium and France. • In response, France declared war on Germany • Aug 4, Britain declared war on Germany • Aug. 3, Germany invaded Belgium (on its way through to France) • In effect, Germany turned the little localized war in the Balkans into a world war by attacking Belgium and France. • In response, France declared war on Germany • Aug 4, Britain declared war on Germany
Slide33D. Two opposing alliancesD. Two opposing alliances • Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (also Bulgaria) • Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia (later, Japan, Italy and U.S.) • Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (also Bulgaria) • Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia (later, Japan, Italy and U.S.)
Slide34Europe in 1914 Europe in 1914 Europe in 1914 Europe in 1914
Slide35The Western Front • A. Schlieffen Plan • 1. German military plan to invade France through Belgium , defeat France quickly (6 weeks) by sweeping around Paris, and then redeploy to the east to defeat Russia • A. Schlieffen Plan • 1. German military plan to invade France through Belgium , defeat France quickly (6 weeks) by sweeping around Paris, and then redeploy to the east to defeat Russia
Slide36The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
Slide37
Slide38A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
Slide39
Slide402. Battle of the Marne ( Sept. 1914 ) • a. After Germans came within sight of Paris , French and British forces pushed the German forces back • b. The battle represented the end of mobility on the Western Front
Slide41 3. Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? • a. Belgians’ surprising resistance to Germany’s invasion slowed down the German offensive into France. • b. The left of the German line failed to lure the French army into Alsace and Lorraine and destroy it.
Slide42•c. The Russians mobilized quickly in the east requiring German divisions to be sent there instead • d. French (and British) counterattack at the Battle of the Marne was decisive in halting the German invasion.