The Importance of Masonry in Construction

1. MASONRY MASONRY

2. Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns.etc using bricks or stones which are bonded together with mortar. Construction of building units like foundations ,walls,columns.etc using bricks or stones which are bonded together with mortar. Used for construction of foundations, walls, columns etc. Used for construction of foundations, walls, columns etc.

3. FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS To support floors and roof To support floors and roof To divide the space To divide the space To provide acoustic and thermal insulation To provide acoustic and thermal insulation To provide shelter from weathering agencies To provide shelter from weathering agencies

4. WALL CLASSIFICATION WALL CLASSIFICATION a) Load Bearing Wall a) Load Bearing Wall Carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation. Carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation. b) Non Load Bearing Wall b) Non Load Bearing Wall Carry self-weight only. Carry self-weight only.

5. Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall) Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

6. Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall) Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

7. Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall) Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

8. Masonry Wall Masonry Wall

9. Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall) Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall)

10. NON LOAD BEARING WALL NON LOAD BEARING WALL a) Hollow Concrete Block a) Hollow Concrete Block b) Hollow Bricks b) Hollow Bricks c) Brick Wall c) Brick Wall

11. Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall) Hollow Brick (Non Load Bearing Wall)

12. Hollow Concrete Block Wall Hollow Concrete Block Wall (Non Load Bearing Wall) (Non Load Bearing Wall)

13. BRICK MASONRY BRICK MASONRY

14. stretcher stretcher Brick laid with its length parallel to the direction of a wall Brick laid with its length parallel to the direction of a wall Header Header Brick laid with its length perpendicular to the direction of a wall Brick laid with its length perpendicular to the direction of a wall

15. THREE QUARTER BAT QUEEN CLOSER KING CLOSER BEVELLED BAT BEVELLED CLOSER HALF BAT

16. LAP HEADER COURSE STRETCHER COURSE BED JOINTS CLOSER PERPEND QUOIN

17. BRICK MASONRY BOND BRICK MASONRY BOND Stretcher Bond Stretcher Bond Header bond Header bond English Bond English Bond Flemish Bond Flemish Bond Raking Bond Raking Bond Zigzag bond Zigzag bond Garden wall bond Garden wall bond Diagonal bond Herring-bone bond English garden wall bond Flemish garden wall bond

18. Stretcher Bond Stretcher Bond All bricks laid as stretchers All bricks laid as stretchers Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length Thickness of wall is half of the full brick length Used for partition walls Used for partition walls

19. Header Bond Header Bond All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall. All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall. Useful for curved brick works. Useful for curved brick works.

20. English Bond English Bond Alternative courses of headers and stretchers Alternative courses of headers and stretchers One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns. One of the strongest brickwork bond patterns.

21. Essential features Essential features Alternate courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation. Alternate courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation. There is no continuous vertical joint. There is no continuous vertical joint. Alternate headers placed centrally above each stretcher. Alternate headers placed centrally above each stretcher. If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present stretchers on one face and headers on the other. If the thickness of the walls is an odd multiple of half brick (eg:1.5, 2.5), the same course will present stretchers on one face and headers on the other. For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on both faces. For even multiple of half brick, same appearance on both faces.

22. Flemish Bond Flemish Bond Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers in every course. Alternate bricks are placed as headers and stretchers in every course. Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick Not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick

23. Essential features Essential features In each course, headers and stretchers are alternatively placed in both the facing and backing. In each course, headers and stretchers are alternatively placed in both the facing and backing. The facing and backing have same appearance. The facing and backing have same appearance. Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header. Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of half bricks, brick bats are used. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiples of half bricks, brick bats are used.

24. Comparison of English bond and Flemish bond Comparison of English bond and Flemish bond English bond is more compact and stronger than double Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks. English bond is more compact and stronger than double Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks. Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the facing Double Flemish bond have better appearance in the facing For the construction of Flemish bond , good workmanship and careful supervision is required. For the construction of Flemish bond , good workmanship and careful supervision is required. DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized. DFB is economical as brick bats are utilized.

25. Raking Bond Raking Bond Diagonal bond Diagonal bond Bricks are arranged at 45 Bricks are arranged at 45

26. Raking Bond Raking Bond Herring bone bond Herring bone bond Bricks arranged at 45 in two opposite directions from the centre of the wall Bricks arranged at 45 in two opposite directions from the centre of the wall

27. Zigzag bond Zigzag bond Bricks laid in a zigzag way Bricks laid in a zigzag way Mainly used for paving brick floors Mainly used for paving brick floors

28. English Garden Wall Bond English Garden Wall Bond An alternative version of English bond with less number of headers An alternative version of English bond with less number of headers Header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course. Header courses being inserted at every fourth or sixth course.

29. Flemish Garden Wall Bond Flemish Garden Wall Bond one header is placed after every third stretcher one header is placed after every third stretcher

30. Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows: Usual causes for failure of wall are as follows: - Overloading the wall, deflection of beam - Overloading the wall, deflection of beam above the wall will effect the wall below. above the wall will effect the wall below. - Foundation failure - Foundation failure - Earthquake - Earthquake - Poor workmanship (improper brickwork) - Poor workmanship (improper brickwork)

31. Brick Wall Crack Brick Wall Crack

32. Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level Brick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

33. Cracked Wall Cracked Wall

34. Failure In Brick Wall Failure In Brick Wall

35. Dry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling Dry Rot On Timber Wall Panelling

36. Wall Failure Due To Earthquake Wall Failure Due To Earthquake

37. Termite Damage To The Timber Wall Termite Damage To The Timber Wall

38. STONE MASONRY STONE MASONRY Materials used Materials used 1. Stones 1. Stones 2. Mortar 2. Mortar

39. Classification of stone masonry Classification of stone masonry Rubble masonry Rubble masonry Ashlar masonry Ashlar masonry

40. Rubble Masonry Rubble Masonry Un-coursed random rubble masonry Un-coursed random rubble masonry Coursed random rubble masonry Coursed random rubble masonry Dry rubble masonry Dry rubble masonry

41. Un-coursed random rubble masonry Un-coursed random rubble masonry Roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry Roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry Stones of different sizes and shapes are used Stones of different sizes and shapes are used Vertical joints are staggered Vertical joints are staggered Undressed stone blocks are used Undressed stone blocks are used

43. Uncoursed random rubble masonry Uncoursed random rubble masonry

44. Coursed random rubble masonry Coursed random rubble masonry Stone work is brought into courses of thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm Stone work is brought into courses of thickness varying from 30 to 45 cm All courses are not of same height All courses are not of same height

45. Coursed random rubble masonry Coursed random rubble masonry

46. Ashlar masonry Ashlar masonry

47. Comparison between brick and stone masonry Comparison between brick and stone masonry Stone Stone 1. Higher strength, durability and weather resistant 1. Higher strength, durability and weather resistant 2. Higher crushing strength 2. Higher crushing strength 3. Used for heavy monumental building works 3. Used for heavy monumental building works 4. More water tight 4. More water tight 5. Needs no pretreatment and plastering 5. Needs no pretreatment and plastering Brick Brick 1. Less strength, durability and weather resistant 1. Less strength, durability and weather resistant 2. Higher crushing strength than stone 2. Higher crushing strength than stone 3. Used for light ornamental works of lesser importance 3. Used for light ornamental works of lesser importance 4. Less water tight 4. Less water tight 5. Should be concealed by plastering 5. Should be concealed by plastering

48. Stone Stone 6. Not damaged by chemicals present in the environment and salt present in the water 6. Not damaged by chemicals present in the environment and salt present in the water 7. Complicated lifting appliances are required to handle stone blocks 7. Complicated lifting appliances are required to handle stone blocks 8. Time required for dressing and handling of stones is more 8. Time required for dressing and handling of stones is more 9. Less fire resistant 9. Less fire resistant 10. More skilled labourers are required 10. More skilled labourers are required 11. Less frequently used 11. Less frequently used Brick Brick 6. Exposed brick masonry reacts and get disintegrated 6. Exposed brick masonry reacts and get disintegrated 7. Bricks can be conveniently moved by manual laber 7. Bricks can be conveniently moved by manual laber 8. Time and labour involved is less 8. Time and labour involved is less 9. More fire resistant 9. More fire resistant 10. Less skilled labourers are required 10. Less skilled labourers are required 11. More frequently used 11. More frequently used