Understanding Weight Management and Its Health Implications

Understanding Weight Management and Its Health Implications
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Learn about the health consequences of obesity, popular fad diets, eating disorders, and the physiology of weight loss. Discover how to implement a physiologically sound weight reduction and maintenance program with behavior modification techniques and a lifetime exercise plan.

About Understanding Weight Management and Its Health Implications

PowerPoint presentation about 'Understanding Weight Management and Its Health Implications'. This presentation describes the topic on Learn about the health consequences of obesity, popular fad diets, eating disorders, and the physiology of weight loss. Discover how to implement a physiologically sound weight reduction and maintenance program with behavior modification techniques and a lifetime exercise plan.. The key topics included in this slideshow are weight management, obesity, fad diets, eating disorders, physiology, exercise, weight reduction, behavior modification, health implications,. Download this presentation absolutely free.

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1. WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Chapter 5

2. Objectives Describe the health consequences of obesity. Expose some popular fad diets and myths and fallacies regarding weight control. Describe eating disorders and their associated medical problems and behavior patterns, and outline the need for professional help in treating these conditions. Explain the physiology of weight loss, including set-point theory and the effects of diet on basal metabolic rate. Explain the role of a lifetime exercise program as the key to a successful weight loss and weight maintenance program. Be able to implement a physiologically sound weight reduction and weight maintenance program. Describe behavior modification techniques that help support adherence to a lifetime weight maintenance program.

3. Introduction Overweight: A chronic disease characterized by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 but less than 30 Obesity: A chronic disease characterized by a body mass index (BMI) 30 or higher Obesity puts people at greater risk for early death A primary objective to achieve overall physical fitness and enhanced quality of life is to attain recommended body composition.

4. Introduction Obesity is an epidemic About 68% of U.S. adults are over overweight and 34% are obese Percentage of the adult population that is overweight (BMI 25) and obese (BMI 30) in the United States

5. Obesity rates have increased over time Between 1960 and 2002, the prevalence of adult obesity increased from about 13% to 30%

6. Figure 5-2 p154

7. Obesity rates vary among populations Obesity rates are higher for some ethnic groups and variation is also level of education completed

8. Health Consequences of Excessive Body Weight

9. Being overweight is different than being obese Health risks from being overweight are most serious for those with Type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors Years of life lost if overweight during middle life (30-49 years old) 30 pounds or more overweight = 7 years lost 10-30 pounds overweight = 3 years lost

10. Tolerable Weight Ask "Am I happy with my weight?" Being happy with self is part of enjoying a higher quality of life. If one is not happy with the current body weight, either: Do something about it Hereditary factors determine body shape and type. Most people cannot attain the "perfect body." Extreme discipline is required for the few who can .

11. The Weight Loss Dilemma Frequent fluctuations in body weight increases the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease Most people are unsuccessful at maintaining weight loss with diet alone Only 10% of those who choose to diet alone are successful at permanent weight loss And 5% of those are able to keep it off.

12. The Weight Loss Dilemma Traditional diets have failed because few incorporate permanent behavioral changes. Underestimations Caloric intake Energy output

13. Diet Crazes In crash diets, close to half the weight lost is through the use of glycogen storage Glycogen is the form in which carbohydrates are stored in the human body, predominately in the liver and muscles Most people are unsuccessful at maintaining weight loss with diet alone The body resists permanent weight changes through caloric restriction See popular Diets on page 159

14. Low-Carb Diets Limit the intake of carbohydrate-rich foods, but allow all the protein-rich foods. Diets are high in protein and fat During digestion, carbohydrates are converted into glucose, whose level in the bloodstream is regulated by insulin. How LCHP diets create weight loss Review summary box on page 161

15. Glycemic Index of Selected Foods A high glycemic index signifies a food that causes a quick rise in blood glucose The index is based on the speed of absorption Processed foods tend to have a high glycemic index High-fiber foods tend to have a lower index Combining high- with low- glycemic index items or with some fat and protein brings down the average index.

16. Without fruits, vegetables, whole grains, high-protein diets lack many vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, phytonutrients, and fiber that protect against various ailments and diseases Long-term adherence to a LCHP diet may increase ones risk for heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis Low-Carb Diets Low-carbohydrate/high-protein diets create nutritional deficiencies and contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis

17. Recognizing fad diets Some key characteristics of fad diets are: Restrict food selection or focus on a single food Use liquid formulas instead of food Promise miraculous results or painless weight loss Are based on testimonials or a scientific breakthrough Based on pseudo claims that excessive weight is related to specific conditions Do not involve physical activity or behavioral changes

18. Eating Disorders Medical illnesses involving critical disturbances in eating behaviors. Stemming from some combination of environmental pressures. Most people who suffer from eating disorders are afflicted by significant family and social problems. The eating disorder becomes the coping mechanism. Although frequently seen in young women, the disorder is most prevalent among individuals between the ages of 25 and 50. One in ten cases are seen in men. Eating disorders develop in stages. The syndrome typically emerges following emotional issues or a stressful life event and the uncertainty about ones ability to cope efficiently

19. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Self-imposed starvation to lose and maintain very low body weight. Weight gain is feared more than death from starvation. There is a distorted image of the body; it is viewed as being fat when it is actually emaciated. They are preoccupied with food, meal planning, and grocery shopping, and they have unusual eating habits.

20. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa About 20% of anorexics die as a result of their condition. Treatment consists of a combination of medical and psychological techniques to restore proper nutrition, prevent medical complications, and modify the environment or events that triggered the syndrome. Injuries to nerves and tendons Immune function abnormalities Anemia Mental confusion Inability to concentrate, lethargy and depression Osteoporosis Malnutrition Amenorrhea Digestive problems Extreme sensitivity to cold Growth of fine body hair, dry skin Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities Typical changes associated with anorexia nervosa Many can be reversed

21. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge eating followed by the purging of the stomach's contents. More prevalent than anorexia nervosa. Bulimics tend to be emotionally insecure and abnormally concerned with food and recommended body weight.

22. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge-purge cycle occurs in stages Medical problems Cardiac arrhythmias, Amenorrhea, Kidney and bladder damage, Ulcers, Colitis, Tearing of the esophagus and stomach, Tooth erosion and gum damage, General muscular weakness Bulimia nervosa can be treated successfully when the person realizes that this destructive behavior is not the solution to life's problems

23. Eating Disorders Binge-Eating Disorder The most common of the three eating disorders, affecting about 2 percent of American adults in any six- month period. Characterized by uncontrollable episodes of eating excessive amounts of food within a relatively short period of time. Eating what most people think is an unusually large amount of food. Eating until uncomfortably full. Eating is out of control. Eating much faster than usual during binge episodes. Eating alone due to embarrassment by how much food is consumed. Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty after overeating.

24. Emotional eating is also a form of disordered eating Characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food to suppress negative emotions Suggestions: Learn to differentiate between emotional and physical hunger Avoid storing and snacking on unhealthy foods Keep healthy snacks handy Keep a trigger log to identify what triggers emotional food consumption Work it out with exercise instead of food

25. Treatment for eating disorders Confidential support is available through community support groups Hospitals often have treatment programs On-campus support through the counseling center or health center

26. Physiology of weight loss Three traditional assumptions related to weight control: 1. Balancing food intake against output allows person to achieve recommended weight 2. All fat people simply eat too much 3. Human body doesn t care how much (or little) it stores These statements are open to debate and research Weight gain is complex and involves genetics, behavior, and lifestyle factors.

27. The Physiology of Weight Loss Energy-balancing equation One pound of fat is the equivalent of 3,500 calories In theory, if a person requiring 3,500 calories a day decreased intake by 500 calories per day, the person should lose 1 pound of fat in 7 days (500 x 7 = 3,500) When dieters balance caloric input against caloric output, weight loss does not always result as predicted

28. The Physiology of Weight Loss The total daily energy requirement has three basic components Resting metabolic rate (RMR) the energy requirement to maintain the bodys vital processes in the resting state Accounts for about 60%-70% of the total daily energy requirement Thermic effect of food (TEF) the energy required to digest, absorb, and store food Accounts for about 5%-10% of the total daily requirement Physical activity (PA) Accounts for 15%-30% of the total daily requirement

29. Set-point theory of weight loss Theory that the body has a set point of established weight and strongly attempts to maintain it Thought to be regulated by the Weight-regulating mechanism (WRM ) in the hypothalamus that controls how much the body should weigh Dieting does not change the set point Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the lowest level of oxygen consumption necessary to sustain life Research has shown changes in BMR to promote returning to a set-point and making weight loss difficult

30. The Physiology of Weight Loss Every person has a setpoint for calories and nutrients. Two healthy ways to lower set point Exercise Diet high in complex carbohydrates Two destructive ways to lower the set point that are more harmful to health than fat: Nicotine Amphetamines

31. Diet and Metabolism Basal metabolism (BMR) is related to lean body weight. The more lean tissue, the higher the metabolic rate. Frequent dieters lose more lean tissue as their metabolic rate slows down every time they are on a very low-calorie diet. Aging is not the main reason for the lower metabolic rate

32. Diet and metabolism Caloric restriction alone results in weight loss due to lean body mass and fat Diets with caloric intake less than 1500 calories cannot guarantee the retention of lean body mass Basal metabolism rate is related to lean body mass. Increased basal metabolism = higher BMR Caloric restriction combined with exercise results in weight loss in the form of fat

33. Two hormones appear to play a role in appetite Ghrelin Produced in the stomach and stimulates appetite Leptin Produced by fat cells and lets the brain know when you are full A lack of physical activity may create leptin resistance

34. Sleep is important to weight management Key component to enhance health & extend life Sleep deprivation appears to be conducive to weight gain. Those with an average of less than 6 hours of sleep per day have a higher BMI than those averaging 8 hours per day. Lack of sleep disrupts normal hormone balance Sleep deprivation elevates ghrelin, stimulating appetite. Produced by fat cells, leptin leads to less desire to eat. Recommendation: Sleep 8 hours each night.

35. Exercise enhances weight loss while dieting To lose weight : Combined strength and aerobic training is best Aerobic training is the best modality to offset the set point Strength training increases lean body mass and increases BMR Each additional pound of muscle tissue raises the BMR about 35 calories per day To lose weight or maintain weight loss : 60 90 minutes per day of moderate-intensity exercise is recommended

37. Light-Intensity Vs. Vigorous-Intensity Exercise A greater proportion of calories burned during low-intensity exercise are derived from fat The lower the intensity of exercise, the higher the percentage of fat used as an energy source During low-intensity exercise, up to 50% of the calories burned may be from fat with the other 50% from glucose With intense exercise, only 30%-40% of the caloric expenditure comes from fat Overall, twice as many calories can be burned during vigorous- intensity activity, and more fat Metabolic rate remains at a slightly higher level longer after vigorous-intensity exercise, so you continue to burn calories after exercise

38. Light-Intensity Vs. Vigorous-Intensity Exercise

39. The best way to gain weight is to exercise People who need to gain weight should focus on strength training Strength training is the best way to gain weight as it increases lean body mass Also increase caloric intake by 500 calories per day to build lean muscle Include 1.5 grams of protein per kg bodyweight in your diet Increase calories through eating complex carbohydrates

40. Weight loss myths Cellulite Term frequently used in reference to fat deposits that bulge out, caused by herniation of subcutaneous fat within fibrous connective tissue and giving tissue a padded appearance Spot reducing Fallacious theory proposing that exercise a specific body part results in significant fat reduction in that area Fat is lost throughout the entire body, not just the exercised area The greatest proportion of fat may come from the biggest fat deposits Wearing rubberized sweat suits not only hastens the rate of body fluid loss, it raises core temperature at the same time.

41. Losing Weight the Sound and Sensible Way Research finds that a negative caloric balance is required to lose weight because: People often underestimate their intake People have trouble changing and adjusting to new eating habits Many people take a long time to increase their activity level enough to offset the setpoint and burn enough calories to lose body fat Most successful dieters monitor their daily caloric intake A few people will not alter their food selection, so they must either increase physical activity, have a negative caloric balance, or both Finding your EER and caloric intake for weight loss (Lab 5A)

42. Losing Weight the Sound and Sensible Way The exercise mode must safely match the body type and condition. Weight-bearing exercises may cause injuries to joints and muscles. Swimming may not be a good weight loss exercise because body fat makes a person more buoyant. For successful weight loss, 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity on most days of the week is recommended. Long-duration exercise allows fat to be burned more efficiently. With aerobic training, the concentration of enzymes increases, so does the muscle's ability to burn fat.

43. Losing Weight the Sound and Sensible Way Many experts believe a person can take off weight more efficiently by reducing the amount of daily fat to about 20% of the total daily caloric intake Fats are stored as fat more easily than carbohydrates are stored as fat Make wise food choices

44. Making Wise Food Choices

45. Losing Weight the Sound and Sensible Way The time of day when food is consumed plays a part in weight reduction. People who skip breakfast are hungrier later in the day and end up consuming more total daily calories than those who eat breakfast. Regular breakfast eaters have less of a weight problem, lose weight more effectively, and have less difficulty maintaining weight loss The time of day when most of the fats and cholesterol are consumed can influence blood lipids and coronary heart disease. Peak digestion time following a heavy meal is about 7 hours after that meal.

46. Monitoring your diet with daily food logs Those who keep a food log are more successful at maintaining weight loss Food diary with this text uses these allowances Grains = 80 calories per serving Fruits = 60 calories per serving of medium fruit Vegetables = 25 calories per serving Dairy (use low-fat products) = 120 calories per serving Protein use low-fat, 300 calories per serving frozen entrees or an equivalent amount if you prepare the food

47. The Simple Truth Weight management is accomplished by making a lifetime commitment to physical activity and proper food selection. The three most common reasons for relapsing into former behaviors are: Stress-related factors (such as major life changes, depression, job changes, illness). Social reasons (entertaining, eating out, business travel). Self-enticing behaviors (placing yourself in a situation to see how much you can get away with). Making mistakes does not mean failure. Failure is giving up. Those persisting will reap the rewards!

48. Behavior modification Achieving and maintaining recommended body composition requires desire and commitment Tips to promote success Surround yourself with people who have similar goals Know that relapses are common be persistent Read Weight Loss Strategies pages 184-186

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