The Evolution of Constitutionalism Prior to US Independence

The Evolution of Constitutionalism Prior to US Independence
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Prior to independence, states in the US wrote new constitutions to replace state charters, which were written plans for government. These new constitutions introduced bi-cameral, two

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Slide1The Constitution

Slide2Independence Now What• Prior to Independence states wrote new constitutions to replace state charters • A Constitution is a written plan for government • State governments had bi-cameral (two chamber legislatures) • Most states had governors to carry out laws passed by legislature • State governments tried to protect natural rights

Slide3Articles of Confederation• Our first constitution • Introduced in 1777/Adopted in 1781 after revisions • Established a very weak central government • Most powers given to the states • Established a “firm league of friendship between states” • No executive or judicial branch—just a congress of delegates from each state

Slide4Successes of the Articles• Ordinance of 1785: Created a way to survey and sell western lands • Northwest Ordinance: established a way to govern newly acquired lands and a path towards statehood • Banned slavery or involuntary servitude in new territories

Slide5Problems with Articles ofConfederation • Congress could conduct foreign affairs, declare war and peace and maintain an army and navy • Congress could not collect taxes, regulate interstate trade and enforce laws • 9 states to pass laws 13 to amend • Congress realized it could pass laws but could not enforce laws or tax

Slide6Crisis in Government• War is over country is in debt • States taxed heavily to try and cover debt • Shays rebellion: Daniel Shays revolts against Massachusetts government • Congress authorized a convention to “revise the Articles of Confederation”

Slide7ConstitutionalConvention • On February 21, 1787, the Continental Congress resolved that: • ...it is expedient that on the second Monday in May next a Convention of delegates who shall have been appointed by the several States be held at Philladelphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation...

Slide8ConstitutionalConvention • Delegates from each state (except RI) met in Philadelphia from May-September 1787 • Met in Secrecy– to allow those to speak freely • 74 delegates were appointed by the states, 55 arrived  and about 40 took a real part in the work at the Constitutional Convention • 39 signed the Constitution-3 refused to sign the “flawed document”

Slide9About the Delegates• 4/5  were members of Congress, others were governors • Predominantly Protestant • Farmers, businessman, lawyers • It is said they were well read, well bred, well fed and well wed • James Madison (VA) is known as the father of the Constitution, he took notes of the proceedings

Slide10Small and Large StateCompromise • Compromise between large and small states over representation in Congress • Virginia Plan: President, Courts and bicameral  legislature based on population • New Jersey Plan: One house legislature equal representation , Congress has power to tax and regulate trade • Connecticut or Great Compromise : Bicameral legislature, Senate = representation, House by population • All Agreed on the idea of “Balanced Government”

Slide113/5ths Compromise• Southern States wanted to count slaves in their population • North said “no”-slaves could not vote or participate in the political process-they were property • Compromise: every five slaves would be considered 3 free persons

Slide12North/South Compromise• North wanted congress to regulate foreign and domestic trade • South feared it would have economic impact on their export driven economy • Also feared Congress would stop slave trade • Compromise: North would not tax exports nor interfere with slave trade until 1808

Slide13Post Convention• Federalists: supporters of the Constitution, believed it created a balanced government between national and sub- national (state) units • Anti-Federalists: Feared a strong national government would take away liberties and ignore the will of the states. Wanted a Bill of Rights • Federalists guarantee a Bill of Rights-Constitution is ratified by 9 of the 13 states in 1788

Slide14Structure of theConstitution • Provides a framework for our government and serves as the highest legal authority in the country • 3 Main Parts: Preamble, Articles and Amendments

Slide15Preamble• Makes clear that the power in this country is derived from the people and the government exists to serve the people • Purpose of Government • Unify states • Establish justice • Keep peace and order • Protect the country • Help people live healthy and prosperous lives • Guarantee basic rights

Slide16The Articles• Seven Articles in the Constitution • I Legislative (Congress) • II Executive (President) • III Judicial (Supreme Court) • IV Relationship between the States • V Amending (changing the Constitution) • VI Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land • VII When the Constitution takes effect

Slide17Amendments• Framers made it hard to change the constitution • 27 Amendments • 1 st  Ten Amendments known as the Bill of Rights • Process for changing is found in Article V • ¾ of state legislatures need to pass amendment

Slide18Main Principles in theConstitution • Popular Sovereignty: the people have the right to rule. • Rule of Law/Limited Government: Government can only do what people allow it to do. Laws are applied equally • Separation of Powers: Divided powers to prevent abuse/ Montesquieu • Checks and Balances:

Slide19Main Principles in theConstitution • Federalism: Shared powers between national and state • Power: the ability to get someone to do something they would not normally do • Republicanism: We choose our Reps • Individual Rights: Big debate the fear was that the government would become too strong. Immediately after adoption, there was a push to amend the Constitution to include individual rights- “Bill of Rights”

Slide203 Types of Power• Enumerated or expressed powers: Powers specially given to federal government • Reserved Powers: Powers not given to the national government are served for the states. Ex: state borders, schools • Concurrent Powers: Powers given to both levels of government. Ex: Collect taxes • Supremacy Clause: when state and federal laws conflict, the federal laws trump state laws

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