Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP
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The 2006-2007 AP Biology curriculum focuses on the process of cellular respiration and its role in harvesting chemical energy to produce ATP. The main goal of cellular respiration

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Slide1AP Biology2006-2007 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Slide2AP Biology2006-2007 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP

Slide3AP BiologyHarvesting stored energy  Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Heterotrophs  eat these organic molecules     food  digest organic molecules to get…  raw materials  for synthesis  fuels  for energy  controlled release of energy  “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

Slide4AP BiologyHarvesting stored energy  Glucose is the model  catabolism  of glucose to produce ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP 6H 2 O 6CO 2  + + + CO 2  + H 2 O +  heat fuel (carbohydrates) COMBUSTION  = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step RESPIRATION  = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps CO 2  + H 2 O +  ATP  (+  heat ) ATP glucose glucose  +  oxygen    energy  +  water  +  carbon dioxide respiration O 2 O 2 +  heat enzymes ATP

Slide5AP BiologyHow do we harvest energy from fuels?  Digest large molecules into smaller ones  break bonds &  move electrons  from one molecule to another  as electrons move they “ carry energy ” with them  that energy is  stored in another bond , released as heat  or  harvested to make ATP e - + + e - + – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced oxidation reduction redox e -

Slide6AP BiologyHow do we move electrons in biology?  Moving electrons in living systems  electrons cannot move alone in cells  electrons move as part of  H atom  move H = move electrons p e + H + H + – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced oxidation reduction C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP  + + + oxidation reduction H e -

Slide7AP BiologyCoupling oxidation & reduction  REDOX reactions in respiration  release energy as breakdown organic molecules  break C-C bonds  strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms  C 6 H 12 O 6      CO 2   =   the   fuel has been  oxidized  electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms  in biology, the most electronegative atom?  O 2      H 2 O  =   oxygen has been  reduced  couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP  + + + oxidation reduction O 2

Slide8AP BiologyOxidation & reduction  Oxidation  adding O  removing H  loss of electrons  releases energy  exergonic  Reduction  removing O  adding H  gain of electrons  stores energy  endergonic C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O ATP  + + + oxidation reduction

Slide9AP BiologyMoving electrons in respiration  Electron carriers  move electrons by shuttling H atoms around  NAD +      NADH (reduced)  FAD +2      FADH 2  (reduced) + H reduction oxidation P O – O – O – O P O – O – O – O C C O NH 2 N + H adenine ribose sugar phosphates NAD + nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin P O – O – O – O P O – O – O – O C C O NH 2 N + H NADH carries electrons as a reduced molecule reducing power! How efficient! Build once, use many ways H like $$ in the bank

Slide10AP BiologyOverview of cellular respiration  4 metabolic stages  Anaerobic respiration 1.  Glycolysis  respiration without O 2  in cytosol  Aerobic respiration  respiration using O 2  in mitochondria 2.  Pyruvate oxidation 3.  Krebs cycle 4.  Electron transport chain C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP 6H 2 O 6CO 2  + + + (+  heat )

Slide11AP Biology2006-2007 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP

Slide12AP Biology ATP synthase enzyme  H +  flows through it  conformational changes  bond   P i   to   ADP  to make  ATP  set up a H +  gradient  allow the H +  to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase  ADP + P i     ATP H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + ATP ADP P + But…  How is the proton (H + ) gradient formed? And how do we do that?

Slide13AP Biology2006-2007 H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + ATP Got to wait until the sequel ! Got the Energy? ADP P +