An Age of Anxiety (Chapter 34)

An Age of Anxiety (Chapter 34)
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This chapter focuses on the years following World War I, when many people experienced feelings of despair and disillusionment. The concept of a "lost generation" is introduced, as writer Gertr

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PowerPoint presentation about 'An Age of Anxiety (Chapter 34)'. This presentation describes the topic on This chapter focuses on the years following World War I, when many people experienced feelings of despair and disillusionment. The concept of a "lost generation" is introduced, as writer Gertr. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.

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Slide1Chapter 34An Age of Anxiety ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1

Slide2Postwar Pessimism The “lost generation” (Gertrude Stein)  Disillusionment after WWI  Pessimism over idea of human progress  Spengler,  Decline of the West ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Slide3Revolution in Physics Albert Einstein (1879-1955)  Theory of special relativity  Neither time nor space absolute values; vary with observer  Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)  The uncertainty principle  Concepts extended to humanities, social sciences ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Slide4Revolution in Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)  The life of the subconscious mind  Repression of sexual desires, fears  Interpretation of dreams  Free association  Application to mythology, religion, literature, art, etc. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Slide5Experimentation in Art Photography makes realism irrelevant  Art as creation, not reproduction  Retreat to abstraction  Les fauves  Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)  Influence of non-western styles ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

Slide6Experimentation in Architecture The Bauhaus  Director: Walter Gropius (1883-1969)  Form follows function  Square, lifeless, but efficient  Skyscrapers  “Glass boxes”  “International style”  Loved by business, government ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Slide7European Origins of the GreatDepression  Austria/Germany borrow money from U.S. to pay war debts to France and England  France, England pay debts owed to U.S. for WWI  System dependent on flow of cash from U.S.  Investors begin to pull out in 1928 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Slide8New Technologies and the GreatDepression  Single-export countries devastated by declines due to new technology  Reclaimed rubber destroys rubber-based economies of Dutch East Indies, Malaysia, Ceylon ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Slide9Agricultural Surpluses and the GreatDepression  Overproduction in 1920s  Strongest harvests in 1925, 1929  Wheat at lowest price in 400 years  Farm income drops  Less demand for manufactured goods  Inventory surpluses  The Dust Bowl, mid to late 30s ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Slide10Black Thursday (October 24, 1929) Stock purchases on margin (3%)  Hints of slowdown in Europe  Investors begin to sell  Snowball effect  Life savings lost  Black Thursday  11 suicides ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Slide11U.S. Economic Collapse Inventory surplus leads to layoffs  Layoffs lead to decreased demand, businesses fail  1932 industrial production at half of 1929 levels  44% of U.S. banks out of business  Deposits lost ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Slide12World Economic Collapse Hardest hit: countries dependent on export of manufactured goods for essentials  Japan  Single-export countries  South America ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Slide13Initial Government Attempts toIncrease Demand  U.S.: “planned scarcity”  Vegetables, fruits, and animals destroyed  Steinbeck’s  The Grapes of Wrath ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Slide14New U.S. Strategies Laissez-faire , “planned scarcity” approaches fail  John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), economist  Stimulate economy by lowering interest rates  Encouraging investment, employment  The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt  WWII spending ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Slide15Franklin Delano Roosevelt©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Slide16The Bolshevik Revolution October/November 1917  Soviets take over  Civil war, 1918-1920  Red Terror campaign  Execution of Tsar  Whites defeated by Red Army in 1920 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Slide17War Communism, 1918-1922 Rapid collectivization  Confiscations  Massively unpopular, Lenin backtracks in 1921  New Economic Policy (NEP), partial privatization of the economy ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Slide18New Economic Policy (NEP) Temporarily restored market economy; some private enterprise  Allowed peasants to sell surplus at free market prices  Electrification  Establishment of technical schools ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Slide19Lenin’s Death Lenin suffers three strokes; dies 1924  Bitter power struggle among Bolshevik leaders ensues ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Slide20Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Georgian  Mother’s influence leads to Orthodox seminary education  Stalin triumphs over party rivals  “Man of steel”  Socialism in one country  Leads Soviet Union by 1928 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Slide21Stalin and Industrialization First Five-Year Plan  Gosplan  Massive collectivization of agriculture  Kulaks  Stalin halts collectivization in 1931  Proclaims its success ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Slide22The Great Purge “Congress of Victors” / “Congress of Victims”  Intra-party civil war  The “cleansing”  Stalin removes all persons suspected of opposition, 1935-1938  Two-thirds of Central Committee  Half of army’s high ranking officers  Sent to labor camps ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Slide23The Growth of European Fascism From  fasces , Roman symbol of authority  Axe surrounded by wooden rods  Originates with Benito Mussolini  Influences Europe, Asia, Latin America ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Slide24Fascism: Common Elements1. Primacy of state over individual 2. Devotion to a strong leader 3. Ethnocentric 4. Militaristic 5. Anti-communist 6. Chauvinistic 7. Xenophobic ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Slide25Fascism in Italy Poor showing of post-WWI Italian government  Public disappointed with weak territorial gains  Economic and social turmoil  Mussolini, former newspaper editor, electoral successes in 1921  March on Rome, October, King Emmanuel III offers him office of prime minister  Blackshirts  1926, seizes power as  Il Duce , “the leader” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Slide26Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and theNazi Party  1921, becomes chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)  Attempts to overthrow government in 1923  Writes autobiography  Mein Kampf  in jail, massively popular  Capitalizes on public discontent with postwar era  War guilt clause  Reparation payments  Inability of major parties to come to consensus  Anti-Semitism ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

Slide27Consolidation of Power Nazis become single largest party in parliament, 1930-1932  Weak president Paul von Hindenburg (1847- 1934) appoints Hitler as chancellor  Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional and civil rights  Makes the Nazis the sole legal party  Destroys trade unions  Purges judiciary, civil service of perceived enemies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

Slide28The Racial State Theories of racial superiority, racial purity  Policies of eugenics  Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans  Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for “hereditary ill” and “racial aliens”  Euthanasia program kills 200,000 people with physical or mental handicaps between 1939 and 1945  Precursor to massacres of Jews, gypsies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Slide29Anti-Semitism Influence of nineteenth-century racism  1935, Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis  Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-Jews  Removal of Jews from civil service, schools  Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase by non-Jews  Kristallnacht : major country-wide  pogrom  on Jews, November 9-10, 1938  “Night of broken glass” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29