Understanding Organic Compounds

Slide1Organic Compounds• All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Slide2Carbohydrates• Monomer- monosaccharide • Function- energy source and structure • Tests:  glucose-Benedicts      starch- Iodine fructose •  Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

Slide3Lipids• Made of fatty acids and glycerol • Function- energy storage and insulation • Tests:  brown paper test • Examples: fats and steroids Lipid    vs.   water

Slide4Nucleic Acids• Monomer- nucleotide • Function- carry genetic information • Ex. DNA and RNA

Slide5Proteins• Monomer- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Examples: enzymes,      hemoglobin

Slide6Enzymes• Catalysts in living things • Specific to a particular substrate • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH

Slide7CellsProkaryotes • Simple, no membrane bound organelles • Bacteria only • One circular chromosome • Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes • Membrane bound organelles • Plants and Animals • True nucleus containing chromosomes

Slide8Nucleus• “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes

Slide9MitochondriaSingular: Mitochondrion   • “Powerhouse” of the cell • Produces energy in the form of ATP • Site of Aerobic respiration

Slide10Chloroplast• Site of photosynthesis • Plant cells ONLY • Contains the pigment chlorophyll

Slide11Vacuole• Storage of excess materials • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

Slide12Ribosomes• Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Slide13Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane • Surrounds the cell • Regulates what enters/leaves the cell • Helps maintain homeostasis • Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins

Slide14Cell Wall• Plant cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection. • Made of cellulose

Slide15EukaryotesPlant • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole Animal

Slide16Diffusion• Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane • Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

Slide17Osmosis• Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

Slide18Active Transport• Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration

Slide19Photosynthesis• Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen • H 2 O+CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 +O 2 • Occurs in the chloroplast

Slide20Aerobic Respiration• Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use • C 6 H 12 O 6 +O 2  H 2 O+CO 2 • Occurs in the mitochondria

Slide21Autotroph vs. Heterotroph• Obtain energy from the environment • Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis • “Producers” • Obtain energy from other living things • “Consumers”

Slide22Antibiotic and PesticideResistance • Populations will eventually become resistant to pesticides and antibiotics with overuse

Slide23Viruses• Not considered living things • Pathogens that can mutate to resist vaccines • Ex. HIV, Influenza,    Smallpox