Understanding Organic Chemistry: Applications in Everyday Life

Understanding Organic Chemistry: Applications in Everyday Life
paly

Organic chemistry, the study of carbon and carbon-based compounds, plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It explains the smells and tastes of fruits, chocolate, fish, and mint,

  • Uploaded on | 2 Views
  • irma irma

About Understanding Organic Chemistry: Applications in Everyday Life

PowerPoint presentation about 'Understanding Organic Chemistry: Applications in Everyday Life'. This presentation describes the topic on Organic chemistry, the study of carbon and carbon-based compounds, plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It explains the smells and tastes of fruits, chocolate, fish, and mint,. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.

Presentation Transcript


Slide1Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry:  The chemistry of carbon and carbon-based compounds Organic Chemistry in everyday life: Smells & tastes:   fruits, chocolate, fish, mint Medications:    Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, Sedatives Addictive substances:  Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, Narcotics Hormones/Neurotransmitters:   Adrenaline, Epinephrine Food/Nutrients:   Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins Genetics:   DNA, RNA Consumer products:   Plastics, Nylon, Rayon, Polyester

Slide2Drawing Organic StructuresButane: C 4 H 10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 Shortcuts make structures easier & faster to draw Line Structure • Only shows bonds • C atoms assumed at each end and intersection of bonds • H atoms not shown • Assume 4 bonds to each C • Fulfill C’s 4 bonds by adding H’s Lewis Structure Condensed Structures Carbon Atoms

Slide3Types of Organic CompoundsClassified according to  functional group Alkane Alkene Alkyne Haloalkane Alcohol Ether Ketone Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Amine Amino acid Amide

Slide4Big Idea in Organic ChemistryStructure  controls  Function Each functional group has predictable reactivity

Slide5Alkanes or Paraffins• All C atoms are tetrahedral and sp 3  hybridized (only C-C single bonds) • General formula = C n H 2n+2  (CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10 , etc.) • Can have  linear  or  branched  alkanes C 5 H 12 • Same molecular formula, different structure:   structural isomers • Branches are called  substituents • Primary (1°)  carbon atom: bound to one  other C atom • Secondary (2°)  C atom: bound to 2  other C atoms • Tertiary (3°)  C atom:  ” 3  ” • Quaternary (4°)  C atom:  ” 4  ” 3° 1° 2°

Slide6Names of Linear Alkanes and Alkyl SubstituentsAlkane Alkyl substituents # of C atoms CH 4 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -CH 3 -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Meth yl Eth yl Prop yl etc. Meth ane Eth ane Prop ane But ane Pent ane Hex ane Hept ane Oct ane Non ane Dec ane Root:  number of C atoms Suffix: functional group             (-ane for alkanes)             (-yl for alkyl groups) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Slide7CH H H H Methane CH 4 H C C C C H H H H H H H H H Butane C 4 H 10 Butyl -C 4 H 9 Methyl -CH 3 C H H H ? R H C C C C H H H H H H H H ? Where R = any other C atom or arrangement of C atoms R

Slide8First Ten Hydrocarbons:  PropertiesName Meth ane Eth ane Prop ane But ane Pent ane Hex ane Hept ane Oct ane Non ane Dec ane 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 C 6 H 14 C 7 H 16 C 8 H 18 C 9 H 20 C 10 H 22 Number  of Carbon  Atoms Molecular Formula Melting Point,  o C # of Isomers Boiling Point,  o C -182.5 -183.2 -187.7 -138.3 -129.7 - 95.3 - 90.6 - 56.8 - 53.6 - 29.7 -161.5 -88.6 -42.1 -0.5 36.1 68.7 98.4 125.7 150.8 174.0 1 1 1 2 3 5 9 18 35 75

Slide9Properties of AlkanesCompound Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane MW 16 30 44 58 72 Boiling point (°C) -164 -88.6 -42.1 -0.5 +36.0 Linear Alkanes: 1 - 4 C atoms: gas at room temp 5 - 15 C atoms:  liquid at room temp >15 C atoms: solid at room temp Larger molecular weight  →  Stronger London dispersion forces Nonpolar  → only London Dispersion Forces IMF Formula CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12

Slide10FractionalDistillation of Crude Oil Kelter, Carr, Scott,  Chemistry A World of Choices  1999, page 429

Slide11Naming Branched Alkanes (IUPAC)1. Root name: name of longest continuous C chain (parent chain) • 2 equally long?  Choose the one with more branches 2. Number C atoms in chain, starting at end with first branch 3. Identify substituents, give each a number (C it is connected to) • Two or more identical substituents:  use prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.) 4. List substituents alphabetically before root name • Do not alphabetize prefixes 5. Punctuation: commas separate numbers from each other hyphens separate numbers from names no space between last substituent & root name 4 - e t h y l - 3 , 5 - d i m e t h y l o c t a n e 1 2 3 6 5 8 7 4 4-ethyl 3 - m e t h y l  a n d  5 - m e t h y l = 3,5-dimethyl O c t a n e

Slide12Common Names of other Alkyl Substituentsisopropyl isobutyl sec -butyl tert -butyl alphabetized as “i” alphabetized as “i” alphabetized as “b” alphabetized as “b” R R R R R R R R Remember that R =   any carbon chain “iso” indicates symmetry 3 carbons 4 carbons 2 o 2 o Secondary carbon Tertiary carbon 3 o 3 o

Slide13HC H H H C C C H H H H H C H H H 2 - methylbutane butane Naming Practice Expanded Structure Line Structure

Slide14HC C C C H H CH 3 CH 3 H H H C C H H H H H hexane 3,3-dimethyl 1                    2                    3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 hexane 4,4-dimethyl Lowest sum of numbers is correct Naming Practice Line Structure

Slide15IsomersThe fat dog shook himself, and then rolled over on the wet rug. T h e  d o g  s h o o k  t h e  f a t  r u g ,  t h e n  r o l l e d  o v e r  a n d  w e t  o n h i m s e l f . These two statements use the same words... but have very different meanings! OR Likewise, isomers may have the same formula, but have very different structures…

Slide16Structural Isomers of C4 H 10 2-methylpropane or

Slide17Structural Isomer Practice• On piece of your own paper, draw AND name ALL of the isomers for the following alkanes: Formulas # isomers If you complete that, try to draw and name all of the isomers for octane (C 8 H 18 ).  There are 18 of them! Some of your drawings may look different, but they are only different structures (isomers) if they also have different names Pentane Hexane Heptane C 5 H 12 C 6 H 14 C 7 H 16 3 5 9

Slide18Structural Isomers:  Pentane (C5 H 12 ) pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Slide19Structural Isomers:  Hexane (C6 H 14 ) hexane 2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane 2,3-dimethylbutane 2,2-dimethylbutane

Slide20Structural Isomers:  Heptane (C7 H 16 ) heptane 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane 2,2-dimethylpentane 2,3-dimethylpentane

Slide21Structural Isomers:  Heptane (C7 H 16 ) 2,4-dimethylpentane 3,3-dimethylpentane 3-ethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylbutane

Slide22Comparing Structural IsomersC 5 H 12 (Same formula, different structure) More branching →  weaker London dispersion forces 36.0 pentane 27.9 2-methylbutane 9.5 2,2-dimethylpropane Boiling point (°C) Name Structure BP/MP of Linear alkanes > BP/MP of branched alkanes

Slide23Chemical Bingo:  Naming Review• There are 27 structures or names drawn on the next slide.  Select 24 of them to be placed on your bingo card. • Because of space issues, I would number each bingo square and then list the names or structures on a separate sheet of paper • If I give you a name, you must match it to a structure.  If I give you a structure, you must match it to a name • Any bingo winner will be awarded 1 bonus point on the quiz (5% pts)

Slide24Chemical Bingo:  Alkanesisopropyl sec-butyl tert-butyl isobutyl decane nonane 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexane 3,4-diethylhexane 3,5-diethyl-4-isopropylheptane 4-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethylheptane 4-ethyl-2,2,3,5,6,6-hexamethylheptane Any isomer of C 5 H 12 Any isomer of C 6 H 14 Any isomer of C 7 H 16

Slide25Reactions of AlkanesCombustion • exothermic reaction • alkanes used as fuel source C 4 H 10  + ___ O 2     ___ CO 2  + ___ H 2 O 4 5 13 / 2 Incomplete Combustion with insufficient O 2  produces CO • Poor ventilation, cigarettes C 4 H 10  + ___ O 2     ___ CO + ___ H 2 O 4 5 9 / 2 CO is poisonous because it binds to the hemoglobin in the blood, preventing the absorption of O 2

Slide26Radical Halogenation Terms• Mechanism – How the reaction occurs through multiple steps (most reactions actually occur in many steps) • Chain Reaction – Reactions that occur on their own after some initiating event • Free Radicals – Atoms that have one free electron—highly reactive

Slide27Radical Halogenation Terms• Mechanism – How the reaction occurs through multiple steps (most reactions actually occur in many steps) • Chain Reaction – Reactions that occur on their own after some initiating event • Free Radicals – Atoms that have one free electron—highly reactive (denoted with a dot next to atom)

Slide28Radical Halogenation Terms• Initiation Step – Step where a bond is split by heat/light, producing free radicals • Propagation Step – Step where free radicals react with non- radicals, producing more free radicals and continuing the “chain reaction” • Termination Step – Step where free radicals react with each other, producing non-radicals and terminating the “chain reaction”

Slide29Radical Halogenation Terms• Initiation Step – Step where a bond is split by heat/light, producing free radicals • Propagation Step – Step where free radicals react with non- radicals, producing more free radicals and continuing the “chain reaction” • Termination Step – Step where free radicals react with each other, producing non-radicals and terminating the “chain reaction”

Slide30InitiationPropagation Propagation Termination Reactions of Alkanes Radical Halogenation of Alkanes Mechanism (chain reaction): Step 1 Cl 2   ⇌  Cl· + Cl · Step 2 Cl· + CH 4     CH 3 · + HCl Step 3 CH 3 · + Cl 2     CH 3 Cl + Cl· Step 4 Cl· + Cl·     Cl 2 Overall reaction:  CH 4  + Cl 2     CH 3 Cl + HCl Halogenated product is a  haloalkane Naming:   halogen atom is a substituent, replace –ine ending with –o -F   fluoro -Cl  chloro -Br   bromo -I   iodo    chloromethane h  (Free Radicals) Why not 1-chloromethane? Type of Step CH 4  + Cl 2     CH 3 Cl + HCl

Slide31Radical Halogenation of AlkanesHalogen substitutes for hydrogen in alkane →multiple results CH 4 CH 3 Cl CH 2 Cl 2 CHCl 3 CCl 4 Cl 2  Cl 2  Cl 2  Cl 2  Compound CH 3 Cl CH 2 Cl 2 CHCl 3 CCl 4 IUPAC Name Chloromethane Dichloromethane Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane Common Name Methyl chloride Methylene chloride Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride All are liquids at room temperature • Heavy Cl atoms increase LDF • Polar C-Cl bonds – can have polar molecules

Slide32Textbook ResourceChemistry:  An Intro to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry by Timberlake (Green/Tan Book) Sections 10.1-10.6  already covered Currently  Section 11.2 (Haloalkanes) Can be used as an outside reference

Slide3312 3 4 5 6 Naming Practice:  Haloalkanes 5-chloro-2-fluorohexane 2-chloro-5-fluorohexane 2-chloro-4-fluoro-2,3-dimethylpentane 2-bromo-3-ethyl-4-iodopentane 2-bromo-4-chloro-3-isopropylpentane Two  equal  numbering  options? Number  based  on  alpha  order 1 2 3 4 5 6

Slide34?Radical Halogenation:  Predict the Product + Cl 2  → OR 1-chloropropane 2-chloropropane + Br 2  → OR 1-bromo-2-methylbutane 2-bromo-2-methylbutane Remember that any H on the alkane can be replaced by a halogen OR 3-chloropropane? + HCl ? ?

Slide35Radical Halogenation:  Predict the Product+ Br 2  → OR OR OR 1-bromo-2-methylbutane 2-bromo-3- methylbutane 1-bromo-3- methylbutane 1-bromo-2- methylbutane 2-bromo-2-methylbutane

Slide36Structural IsomersWhat are the possible structural isomers of C 3 H 7 Br? 1-bromopropane 2-bromopropane What are the possible structural isomers of C 4 H 9 Cl? 1-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane

Slide37Structural Isomer PracticeOn piece of your own paper, draw AND name ALL of the isomers with the following formulas: Formulas # isomers Some of your drawings may look different, but they are only different structures (isomers) if they also have different names C 4 H 9 I C 3 H 6 Cl 2 C 5 H 11 Br C 4 H 8 Cl 2 4 4 8 9 To be honest, there may be more…this is what I found, so try and prove me wrong!  Extra Credit to anyone who can find more structures…

Slide38Structural Isomers:  C4 H 9 I 1-iodobutane 2-iodo-2-methylbutane 2-iodobutane 1-iodo-2-methylbutane I I I I

Slide39Structural Isomers:  C3 H 6 Cl 2 1,1-dichloropropane 1,3-dichloropropane 1,2-dichloropropane 2,2-dichloropropane

Slide40Structural Isomers:  C5 H 11 Br 1-bromopentane 2-bromopentane 1-bromo-3-methylpentane 3-bromopentane

Slide41Structural Isomers:  C5 H 11 Br 1-bromo-2-methylbutane 2-bromo-3-methylbutane 1-bromo-2,2-dimethylbutane 2-bromo-2-methylbutane

Slide42Structural Isomers:  C4 H 8 Cl 2 1,1-dichlorobutane 1,2-dichlorobutane 1,3-dichlorobutane 1,4-dichlorobutane

Slide43Structural Isomers:  C4 H 8 Cl 2 2,2-dichlorobutane 1,1-dichlorobutane 2,3-dichlorobutane 1,2-dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,3-dichloro-2-methylpropane

Slide44Halogenation Reaction ByproductTechnically, any  halogenation reaction  will  also  produce HX as a byproduct (HCl, HBr, etc.) However, we are not concerned with this byproduct and thus ignore it CH 4  + X 2  → CH 3 X + HX  where X = any halogen