Discoveries of Eighteenth Century
The Eighteenth Century was a period of great scientific discoveries and innovations. Among them, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer, which led to more accurate temperature measurements. Ben Franklin introduced bifocals
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Slide1Discoveries of EighteenthCentury 1 Average Life Span: 40 to 50 years
Slide2Gabriel Fahrenheit(1686-1736) • created 1 st mercury thermometer Ben Franklin (1706-1790) • invented bifocals for eyeglasses Dr. Jessee Bennet • Performs 1 st successful C-section in 1794 2 18 th Century (cont)
Slide3Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Country doctor in England • Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796 • How did he find this? …..next page 3
Slide4•Jenner observed that individuals who had caught the less serious cowpox generally did not catch smallpox. • This led him to discover technique of vaccination when he deliberately infected a small boy with cowpox. • He found that this gave the child immunity against deadly smallpox . 4
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Slide6The word “ vaccination”, made up by Jenner for his treatment (comes from Latin vacca , a cow ). Word was later adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease . 6
Slide710. The word vaccination is derived from a Latin word, which means . . ? . CheckPoint 7
Slide8Discoveries of 19th Century 8 Average Life Span: 40 to 65 years
Slide919th Century (cont) 9 • Period known as the “industrial revolution” • Major progress in medical science occurred • due to development of machines • ready access to books
Slide10Rene Laënnec (1781-1826) • French physician • Invented stethoscope (1816) – Cylinder originally made from paper , then made from hollow wooden tube • Hailed as Father of Thoracic Medicine 10
Slide11before stethoscope, doctors put ear directly to body. 11
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Slide13Evolution of Laennec’ s stethoscope 13
Slide1419th Century(cont) 14 Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910) Pioneer of Nursing • Established efficient and sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers during the Crimean War • Began professional education of nurses
Slide15Florence Nightingale tending the ill15 • Often called the “Lady with the Lamp” after her habit of making rounds at night
Slide16•Although bedridden for many years, she campaigned tirelessly to improve health standards – published 200 books, reports & pamphlets • In recognition of her work Queen Victoria awarded Miss Nightingale the Royal Red Cross in 1883. • She died at age 90. 16
Slide1719th Century (cont) 17 Major Developments • Infection Control • Associated microscopic organisms with disease • Methods developed to stop the spread of organisms • Women became active participants in medical care • Elizabeth Blackwell – 1 st female physician in US • Dorothea Dix – appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army • Clara Barton – founded the American Red Cross
Slide1811. Laennec’ s first stethoscope was made of: a. paper b. wood c. tree bark . CheckPoint 18
Slide19CheckPoint cont.12. Before Laennec ’ s stethoscope, how did physicians listen to heart & lung sounds? . 19
Slide20James Blundell (1790-1877) • 1818- performed 1st successful human blood transfusion – transfused blood from husband to his wife by means of syringe 20
Slide21•Blundell performed 10 transfusions up to 1830 – about half were successful • At this point, blood typing had not been developed & transfusions were risky. • In 1870's, doctors began using milk from cows, goats & humans, as blood substitute • This was replaced with saline solution in 1880's. 21
Slide22William Morton (1819-1868) • developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless 22
Slide23MATCHING: 13. Reformed hospitals; pioneered nursing 14. Successful blood transfusions 15. Developed anesthesia techniques . CheckPoint a. Morton b. Nightingale c. Blundell 23
Slide24Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Father of Bacteriology • Discovered that microorganisms were everywhere • Proved that microbes caused disease . 24
Slide25the process of boiling a liquid to destroy bacteria isstill used today; most dairy products are pasteurized. Discovered that heating of milk killed germs--hence the term “ pasteurization ” . 25
Slide26Pasteur also developed vaccinesagainst anthrax & rabies. Louis's pupil, Emile Roux, inoculating boy against rabies at Pasteur Institute 26
Slide27Sir Joseph Lister ( 1827-1912) • Used asepsis in surgery • Discovered that carbolic acid killed germs . Carbolic acid sprayer 27
Slide28Lister Introduces Antisepsis• For six weeks, Lister had treated a boy's compound fracture wound with carbolic acid. • When Lister removed dressings from fracture, he found wound had healed without infection-- something unheard of at that time! 28
Slide29Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) • German physicist • Discovered x-rays in 1895 • 1 st X-ray was of his wife’s hand 29
Slide30Roentgen’ s wife & X-ray of her hand 30
Slide31MATCHING: 16. Discovered x-rays 17. Developed rabies vaccine 18. Used carbolic acid to kill germs . CheckPoint a. Lister b. Pasteur c. Roentgen 31
Slide3232• Most rapid growth in health care Twentieth Century Average Life Span: 60 – 80 years
Slide33Development of RehabilitationProfessions 33 Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Orthotics and Prosthetics Audiology Art Therapy Kinesiotherapy
Slide34Physical Therapy1894 Originated in England • Nurses were 1st Physical Therapists • RN using a Current impulse stimulator 34
Slide35Another type of physical therapyUsing a “shoulder wheel” which was used after arm & shoulder injuries 35
Slide36Occupational Therapy - 1917 • Developed in response to injured veterans returning from WWI. • Needed rehab in order to get back to work. Occupational Therapy Ward 36
Slide37Depiction ofwounded soldier weaving belt with aid of apparatus designed to exercise his injured arm. 37
Slide38WWII - physical therapy in usefollowing surgery 38
Slide39Orthoticsand Prosthetics • Began with ancient art of splinting • Associated with amputation surgery after wars • Grew after WWI and WWII and the polio epidemics in late 1940 ’ s & early 1950 ’ s 39
Slide40Audiology - 1920 ’ s • Origin in 1920 ’ s when audiometers were 1st designed to measure hearing • Profession surged after WWI & II from noise induced hearing loss 40
Slide41Art Therapy - 1940 ’ s • Patient ’ s creations were thought to reveal hidden feelings & emotions. 41
Slide42Kinesiotherapy - "Corrective Therapy" • Rehab programs developed during WWII to expedite return of soldiers to active duty following battle injuries. 42
Slide4319. Many rehab professions developed inresponse to _______ injuries. CheckPoint a. industrial b. farm c. polio d. war . 43
Slide44Other new developments duringthe 20 th Century • Use of new machines, i.e. X-Rays, MRI, ultrasound, CT scans, PET scans • New medicines and vaccines were developed • Causes of many diseases were identified • Physicians were able to treat the cause of the disease to cure the patient 44
Slide45X-Ray / MRI Scanner45
Slide46Ultrasound of fetus46
Slide47Walter Reed47 • Demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever (1900)
Slide48Sir Alexander Fleming48 • Accidently discovered penicillin in 1928 • Became known as the “Wonder Drug” • Penicillin is a broad- spectrum antibiotic since it kills a wide range of bacteria
Slide49Dr. Michael DeBakey49 Well-renowned Houston cardiologist 1937 - Linked Lung cancer to cigarette smoking 1950s – One of the first to perform Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery 1953 – Performed the 1 st successful Carotid Endarterectomy (plague removal and stent placement) Pioneer in development of artificial heart. First to use an external heart pump successfully – a “ left ventricular bypass pump” .
Slide5020th Century (cont) 50 Jonas Salk • Discovered a killed polio virus would afford immunity to poliomyelitis. • Developed the polio vaccine in 1952 Albert Sabin • Developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in mid- 1950s
Slide5120th Century (cont) 51 Francis Crick and James Watson • Described the structure of DNA – “double helix” - in 1953 and how it carries genetic information
Slide52Dr. Christiaan Barnard52 • South African doctor performed the 1 st successful heart transplant in 1967 Louis Washkansky was the recipient of the world's first human heart transplant. 1922-2001
Slide53Dr. William DeVries53 American doctor who implanted the 1st artificial heart, Jarvik-7, into a patient in 1982 Dr. DeVries Barney Clark “Jarvik-7”
Slide5420. ______________ performed the firstsuccessful heart transplant in 1967. CheckPoint a. Barney Clark b. Christiaan Bernard c. Jonas Salk . 54
Slide5521. He discovered mosquitoes carriedyellow fever . CheckPoint a. William DeVries b. Albert Sabin c. Walter Reed . 55
Slide5622. Who accidently discovered penicillin ? CheckPoint a. Sir Alexander Fleming b. James Watson c. Francis Crick . 56
Slide5720th Century (cont) 57 Other “Firsts” • 1 st successful arm reattachment at the shoulder 1962 • 1 st liver transplant in 1963 • 1 st lung transplant in 1964 • 1 st Hospice founded in England in 1967 • 1 st “test tube” baby born in England in 1978 • AIDS is identified in 1981 • 1 st gene therapy to treat disease in 1990
Slide5821st Century 58 • Stem cells used in the treatment of disease - 2000s • HIPAA, Privacy act of 1996, put into effect in 2003 • Human Genome project completed in 2003 • Able to identify all of approx. 20000 – 25000 genes in human DNA • 1 st Face transplant in France in 2005 • New vaccines in 2006 – Gardasil (cervical cancer), Zostavax (shingles)
Slide59Onward to newmedical advances . . . 59
Slide60Future?????60 • Cure for AIDS, cancer, heart disease? • Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseases? • Eliminate paralysis by regenerating brain and spinal cord? • Transplants of all organs, including the brain ? • Development of antibiotics that do not allow pathogens to become resistant? What will your part be in this????