Traditional Training Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Traditional Training Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses
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This chapter, copyrighted in 2002 by The McGraw Hill Companies Inc, explores traditional training methods and the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. After reading the chapter, readers

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Slide1copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 1   7 7 Chapter Traditional Training Methods Traditional Training Methods

Slide2copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 2 Objectives After  reading  this  chapter,  you  should  be  able  to: Objectives After  reading  this  chapter,  you  should  be  able  to: 1. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of presentational, hands-on, and group building training methods. 2. Provide recommendations for effective on-the-job training. 3. Develop a case study. 4. Develop a self-directed learning module.

Slide3copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 3 Objectives  (continued) Objectives  (continued) 5. Discuss the key components of behavior modeling training. 6. Explain the conditions for adventure learning to be effective. 7. Discuss what team training should focus on to improve team performance.

Slide4copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 4 Introduction Introduction  The FBI uses a simulation to prepare new agents to understand the realities of criminal investigation.  This illustrates that knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient condition for employees to perform their jobs.  Knowledge must be translated into behavior.

Slide5copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 5 Traditional  Methods  Categories Traditional  Methods  Categories Presentation Methods Hands-on Methods Group Building Methods

Slide6copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 6 Presentation  Methods Presentation  Methods  Presentation methods  refer to methods in which trainees are passive recipients of information.  This information may include:  Facts or information  Processes  Problem – solving methods  Presentation methods include:  Lectures  Audio-visual techniques

Slide7copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 7 Presentat ion  Methods:  Lecture Presentat ion  Methods:  Lecture  Lecture  involves the trainer communicating through spoken words what she wants the trainees to learn .  The communication of learned capabilities is primarily one-way – from the trainer to the audience.

Slide8copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 8 Lecture  (continued) Lecture  (continued)  One of the least expensive, least time- consuming ways to present a large amount of information efficiently in an organized manner.  Useful because it is easily employed with large groups of trainees.

Slide9copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 9 Variations  of  the  Lecture  Method Variations  of  the  Lecture  Method Standard Lecture Team Teaching Guest Speakers Panels Student Presentations

Slide10copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 10 Presentation  Methods: Audio-Visual  Techniques Presentation  Methods: Audio-Visual  Techniques  Audio-visual instruction  includes:  Overheads  Slides  Video  It has been used for improving:  Communication skills  Interviewing skills  Customer-service skills  Illustrating how procedures should be followed

Slide11copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 11 Hands-on  Methods Hands-on  Methods  Hands-on methods  refer to training methods that require the trainee to be actively involved in learning.  These methods include:  On-the-job training  Simulations  Case studies  Business games  Role plays  Behavior modeling

Slide12copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 12 Hands-on  Methods:  On-the-Job  Training Hands-on  Methods:  On-the-Job  Training  On-the-job training (OJT)  refers to new or inexperienced employees learning through observing peers or managers performing the job and trying to imitate their behavior.  OJT includes:  Apprenticeships  Self-directed learning programs

Slide13copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 13 On-the-Job  Training  (continued) On-the-Job  Training  (continued)  OJT can be useful for:  Training newly hired employees  Upgrading experienced employees’ skills when new technology is introduced  Cross-training employees within a department or work unit  Orienting transferred or promoted employees to their new jobs

Slide14copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 14 Effective  OJT  Programs  Include: Effective  OJT  Programs  Include:  A policy statement that describes the purpose of OJT and emphasizes the company’s support for it.  A clear specification of who is accountable for conducting OJT.  A thorough review of OJT practices at other companies in similar industries.

Slide15copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 15 Effective  OJT  Programs  (continued) Effective  OJT  Programs  (continued)  Training of managers and peers in the principles of structured OJT.  Availability of lesson plans, checklists, procedure manuals, training manuals, learning contracts, and progress report forms for use by employees who conduct OJT.  Evaluation of employees’ levels of basic skills before OJT.

Slide16copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 16 OJT  Programs:  Self-Directed  Learning OJT  Programs:  Self-Directed  Learning  Employees take responsibility for all aspects of learning:  When it is conducted  Who will be involved  Trainees master predetermined training content at their own pace without an instructor.  Trainers are available to evaluate learning or answer questions for the trainee.

Slide17copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 17 Self-Directed  Learning  (continued) Self-Directed  Learning  (continued) Advantages  Learn at own pace  Feedback about learning performance  Fewer trainers needed  Consistent materials  Multiple sites easier  Fits employee shifts and schedules Disadvantages  Trainees must be motivated to learn on their own  Higher development costs  Higher development time

Slide18copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 18 OJT  Programs:  Apprenticeship OJT  Programs:  Apprenticeship  Work-study training method with both on-the-job and classroom training.  To qualify as a registered apprenticeship program under state or federal regulations:  144 hours of classroom instruction  2000 hours (or one year) of OJT experience  Can be sponsored by companies or unions.  Most programs involve skilled trades.

Slide19copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 19 Apprenticeship  (continued) Apprenticeship  (continued) Advantages  Earn pay while learning  Effective learning about “why and how”  Full-time employment at completion Disadvantages  Limited access for minorities and women  No guarantee of full- time employment  Training results in narrow focus expertise

Slide20copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 20 Hands-on  Methods:  Simulations Hands-on  Methods:  Simulations  Represents a real-life situation.  Trainees’ decisions result in outcomes that mirror what would happen if on the job.  Used to teach:  Production and process skills  Management and interpersonal skills

Slide21copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 21 Hand-on  Methods:  Case  Studies Hand-on  Methods:  Case  Studies  Description about how employees or an organization dealt with a difficult situation.  Trainees are required to:  Analyze and critique actions taken  Indicate the appropriate actions  Suggest what might have been done differently  Major assumption of this approach is that employees are most likely to recall and use knowledge and skills learned through a process of discovery.

Slide22copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 22 Hands-on  Methods:  Role  Plays Hands-on  Methods:  Role  Plays  Trainees act out characters assigned to them.  Information regarding the situation is provided to the trainees.  Focus on interpersonal responses.  Outcomes depend on the emotional (and subjective) reactions of the other trainees.  The more meaningful the exercise, the higher the level of participant focus and intensity.

Slide23copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 23 Hands-on  Methods:  Behavior  Modeling Hands-on  Methods:  Behavior  Modeling  Involves presenting trainees with a model who demonstrates key behaviors to replicate.  Provides trainees opportunity to practice the key behaviors.  Based on the principles of social learning theory.  More appropriate for learning skills and behaviors than factual information.  Effective for teaching interpersonal and computer skills.

Slide24copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 24 Group  Building  Methods Group  Building  Methods  Group building methods  refer to training methods designed to improve team or group effectiveness.  Training directed at improving trainees’ skills as well as team effectiveness.  Group building methods involve trainees:  Sharing ideas and experiences  Building group identity  Understanding interpersonal dynamics  Learning their strengths and weaknesses and of their co-workers.

Slide25copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 25 Group  Building  Methods  (continued) Group  Building  Methods  (continued)  Group techniques focus on helping teams increase their skills for effective teamwork.  Group building methods include:  Adventure learning  Team training  Action learning

Slide26copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 26 Group  Building  Methods: Adventure  Learning Group  Building  Methods: Adventure  Learning  Focuses on the development of teamwork and leadership skills using structured outdoor activities.  Also known as wilderness training and outdoor training.  Best suited for developing skills related to group effectiveness such as:  Self-awareness  Problem solving  Conflict management  Risk taking

Slide27copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 27 Adventure  Learning  (continued) Adventure  Learning  (continued)  To be successful:  Exercises should be related to the types of skills that participants are expected to develop.  After the exercises, a skilled facilitator should lead a discussion about  what happened in the exercise  what was learned  how events in the exercise relate to job situation  how to apply what was learned on the job

Slide28copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 28 Group  Building  Methods: Team  Training Group  Building  Methods: Team  Training  Involves coordinating the performance of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal.  Teams that are effectively trained develop procedures to identify and resolve errors, coordinate information gathering, and reinforce each other.

Slide29copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 29 Components  of  Team  Performance Components  of  Team  Performance Behavior Knowledge Attitude Team Performance

Slide30copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 30 Main  Elements  of  the  Structure  of  Team  Training Main  Elements  of  the  Structure  of  Team  Training Tools Team  Task  Analysis Team  Task  Analysis Performance  Measurement Performance  Measurement Task  Simulation  and  Exercises Task  Simulation  and  Exercises Feedback Feedback Principles Principles Methods Information-Based Information-Based Demonstration-Based  Video Demonstration-Based  Video Guided  Practice Guided  Practice Role  Play Role  Play Strategies Cross-Training Cross-Training Coordination  Training Coordination  Training Team  Leader  Training Team  Leader  Training Team Training Objectives Content Knowledge Knowledge Skills Skills Attitudes Attitudes

Slide31copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 31 Group  Building  Methods:  Action  Learning Group  Building  Methods:  Action  Learning  Involves giving teams or work groups:  an actual problem,  having them work on solving it,  committing to an action plan, and  holding them accountable for carrying out the plan.

Slide32copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 32 Action  Learning  (continued) Action  Learning  (continued)  Several types of problems are used including how to:  Change the business  Better utilize technology  Remove barriers between the customer and company  Develop global leaders

Slide33copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc.  All rights reserved.7 - 33 Choosing  a  Training  Method Choosing  a  Training  Method 1. Identify the type of learning outcome that you want training to influence. 2. Consider the extent to which the learning method facilitates learning and transfer of training. 3. Evaluate the costs related to development and use of the method. 4. Consider the effectiveness of the training method.

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