Review of Chemical Bonds and Lewis Diagrams


In this lesson, we will review the three forms of bonding: complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another, sharing of electrons between atoms, and a combination of both
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About Review of Chemical Bonds and Lewis Diagrams
PowerPoint presentation about 'Review of Chemical Bonds and Lewis Diagrams'. This presentation describes the topic on In this lesson, we will review the three forms of bonding: complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another, sharing of electrons between atoms, and a combination of both. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.
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Slide1Part 1:Lewis DotDiagrams and Structures Lesson 4 – Lewis Diagrams and Molecular Geometry
Slide2Review of Chemical Bonds Review of Chemical Bonds l There are 3 forms of bonding: l There are 3 forms of bonding: l _________ —complete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another (one loses, the other gains) forming oppositely charged ions that attract one another l _________ —complete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another (one loses, the other gains) forming oppositely charged ions that attract one another l _________ —some valence electrons shared between atoms l _________ —some valence electrons shared between atoms l _________ – holds atoms of a metal together l _________ – holds atoms of a metal together
Slide3The type of bond can usually be calculated by finding the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms that are going together. The type of bond can usually be calculated by finding the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms that are going together.
Slide4Electronegativity Differencel If the difference in electronegativities is between: – ≥ 2.0 : Ionic – 0. >0.4 to < 2.0: Polar Covalent – 0.0 to 0.4: Non-Polar Covalent Example: NaCl Na = 0.8, Cl = 3.0 Difference is 2.2, so this is an ionic bond!
Slide5Review of Valence Electrons Review of Valence Electrons Review of Valence Electrons Review of Valence Electrons Remember from the electron arrangement that valence electrons are the electrons in the OUTERMOST energy level. Remember from the electron arrangement that valence electrons are the electrons in the OUTERMOST energy level. B is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 ; so the outer energy level is 2, and there are 2+1 = 3 electrons in level 2. These are the valence electrons! B is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 ; so the outer energy level is 2, and there are 2+1 = 3 electrons in level 2. These are the valence electrons! Br is [Ar] 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5 How many valence electrons are present? Br is [Ar] 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5 How many valence electrons are present?
Slide6Lewis Dot Diagramsl A way of keeping track of valence electrons in ionic compounds. l How to write them? l Write the symbol. l Put one dot for each valence electron l Don’t pair up until they have to (Hund’s rule) X
Slide7The Lewis Dot diagram forNitrogen l Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. l First we write the symbol. N l Then add 1 electron at a time to each side. l Until they are forced to pair up.
Slide8Lewis Dots For Cationsl Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less) Ca
Slide9Lewis Dots For Cationsl Metals will have few valence electrons l These will come off Ca
Slide10Lewis Dots For Cationsl Metals will have few valence electrons l These will come off l Forming positive ions Ca 2+ Pseudo-noble gas configuration
Slide11Lewis Dots For Anionsl Nonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) l They will gain electrons to fill outer shell. P P 3-
Slide12Ionic Bondingl Anions and cations are held together by opposite charges. l The bond is formed through the transfer of electrons . l Electrons are transferred to achieve noble gas configuration (octet rule).
Slide13Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Na Cl
Slide14Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Na + Cl -
Slide15Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding l All the electrons must be accounted for! Ca P
Slide16Lewis Dot Diagrams-Ionic BondingCa P
Slide17Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P
Slide18Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P Ca
Slide19Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P 3- Ca
Slide20Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P 3- Ca P
Slide21Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P 3- Ca 2+ P
Slide22Lewis Dot DiagramsIonic Bonding Ca 2+ P 3- Ca 2+ P Ca
Slide23Lewis Dot Diagram Ionic BondingCa 2+ P 3- Ca 2+ P Ca
Slide24Ionic BondingCa 2+ P 3- Ca 2+ P 3- Ca 2+
Slide25Lewis Dot Diagram Ionic Bonding = Ca 3 P 2 Formula Unit
Slide26 Lewis Structures –Covalent Bonding
Slide27Covalent bondsl Nonmetals hold on to their valence electrons. l Still want noble gas configuration. l By sharing, both atoms get to count the electrons toward a noble gas configuration.
Slide28Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons F
Slide29Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven F F
Slide30Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… F F
Slide31Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… F F
Slide32Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… F F
Slide33Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… F F
Slide34Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… F F
Slide35Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… l …both end with full orbitals F F
Slide36Covalent bondingl Fluorine has seven valence electrons l A second atom also has seven l By sharing electrons… l …both end with full orbitals F F 8 Valence electrons
Slide37 Drawing Lewis Structuresl Find total # of valence e - . l Arrange atoms - singular atom is usually in the middle. l Form bonds between atoms (2 e - ). l Distribute remaining e - to give each atom an octet l If there aren’t enough e - to go around, form double or triple bonds.
Slide38WaterH O Each hydrogen has 1 valence Electron (Total of 2e) Each hydrogen wants 1 more The oxygen has 6 valence electrons The oxygen wants 2 more They share to make each other happy
Slide39Waterl Put the pieces together (8 e to distribute). l The first hydrogen is happy l The oxygen still wants one more H O
Slide40Waterl The second hydrogen attaches l Every atom has full energy levels l Remember to check count. H O H
Slide41 Drawing Lewis Structuresl CF 4 1 C × 4e - = 4e - 4 F × 7e - = 28e - 32e - F F C F F - 8e - 24e -
Slide42 Drawing Lewis Structuresl BeCl 2 1 Be × 2e - = 2e - 2 Cl × 7e - = 14e - 16e - Cl Be Cl - 4e - 12e -
Slide43Multiple Bondsl Sometimes atoms share more than one pair of valence electrons. l A double bond is when atoms share two pairs (4 total) of electrons l A triple bond is when atoms share three pairs (6 total) of electrons l Know which elements are diatomic (Oxygen?)
Slide44Carbon dioxidel CO 2 - Carbon is central atom ( more metallic ) l Carbon has 4 valence electrons l Oxygen has 6 valence electrons (total of 12e) l 16e must be distributed. O C
Slide45Carbon dioxidel Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short, and the carbon 3 short O C
Slide46Carbon dioxidel Attaching the second oxygen leaves both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short l IF the central atom is not surrounded by 4 electron pairs, it does not have an octet. You must convert one or more of the lone pairs on the terminal atoms to a double or triple bonds. O C O
Slide47Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide48Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide49Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide50Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide51Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide52Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more O C O
Slide53Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom can count all the electrons in the bond O C O
Slide54Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom can count all the electrons in the bond l Count e’s O C O 8 valence electrons
Slide55Carbon dioxidel The only solution is to share more l Requires two double bonds l Each atom can count all the electrons in the bond O C O 8 valence electrons