The Versatility of Proteins in Biology
This article explores the diverse roles that proteins play in biological systems. From enzymes like pepsin and DNA polymerase that catalyze chemical reactions, to structural proteins like keratin and
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About The Versatility of Proteins in Biology
PowerPoint presentation about 'The Versatility of Proteins in Biology'. This presentation describes the topic on This article explores the diverse roles that proteins play in biological systems. From enzymes like pepsin and DNA polymerase that catalyze chemical reactions, to structural proteins like keratin and. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.
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Slide1AP BiologyProteins
Slide2AP Biology2008-2009 Proteins Multipurpose molecules
Slide3AP BiologyProteins, that’s some good shit Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) cell communication signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors defense (antibodies) movement (actin & myosin) storage (bean seed proteins)
Slide4AP BiologyProteins Structure monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex molecules complex 3-D shape Rubisco hemoglobin growth hormones H 2 O
Slide5AP BiologyAmino acids Structure central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain) variable group different for each amino acid confers unique chemical properties to each amino acid like 20 different letters of an alphabet can make many words (proteins) — N — H H C—OH || O R | —C— | H Oh, I get it ! amino = NH 2 acid = COOH
Slide6AP BiologyEffect of different R groups: Nonpolar amino acids Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic? Why are these nonpolar & hydrophobic? nonpolar & hydrophobic
Slide7AP BiologyEffect of different R groups: Polar amino acids polar or charged & hydrophilic Why are these polar & hydrophillic? Why are these polar & hydrophillic?
Slide8AP BiologyIonizing in cellular waters H+ donors H+ donors
Slide9AP BiologyIonizing in cellular waters H+ acceptors H+ acceptors
Slide10AP BiologySulfur containing amino acids Form disulfide bridges covalent cross links betweens sulfhydryls stabilizes 3-D structure You wondered why perms smell like rotten eggs? H-S – S-H H-S – S-H
Slide11AP BiologyBuilding proteins Peptide bonds covalent bond between NH 2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another C–N bond peptide bond dehydration synthesis H 2 O
Slide12AP BiologyBuilding proteins Polypeptide chains have direction N-terminus = NH 2 end C-terminus = COOH end repeated sequence (N-C-C) is the polypeptide backbone
Slide13AP BiologyProtein structure & function hemoglobin Function depends on structure 3-D structure twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape collagen pepsin
Slide14AP BiologyPrimary (1°) structure Order of amino acids in chain amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA) slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & its function even just one amino acid change can make all the difference! lysozyme: enzyme in tears & mucus that kills bacteria
Slide15AP BiologySickle cell anemia I’m hydrophilic ! But I’m hydrophobic ! Just 1 out of 146 amino acids !
Slide16AP BiologySecondary (2°) structure “ Local folding ” folding along short sections of polypeptide interactions between adjacent amino acids H bonds weak bonds between R groups forms sections of 3-D structure -helix -pleated sheet
Slide17AP BiologySecondary (2°) structure
Slide18AP BiologyTertiary (3°) structure “ Whole molecule folding ” interactions between distant amino acids hydrophobic interactions cytoplasm is water-based nonpolar amino acids cluster away from water H bonds & ionic bonds disulfide bridges covalent bonds between sulfurs in sulfhydryls (S–H) anchors 3-D shape
Slide19AP BiologyQuaternary (4°) structure More than one polypeptide chain bonded together only then does polypeptide become functional protein hydrophobic interactions collagen = skin & tendons hemoglobin
Slide20AP BiologyProtein structure (review) amino acid sequence peptide bonds 1° determined by DNA R groups H bonds R groups hydrophobic interactions disulfide bridges (H & ionic bonds) 3° multiple polypeptides hydrophobic interactions 4° 2°
Slide21AP BiologyProtein denaturation Unfolding a protein conditions that disrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges temperature pH salinity alter 2° & 3° structure alter 3-D shape destroys functionality some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot In Biology, size doesn’t matter, SHAPE matters !
Slide22AP Biology2008-2009 Let’s build some Proteins! EAT X