Understanding the pH Scale and Its Applications

Understanding the pH Scale and Its Applications
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The pH scale is a widely used standard measurement for determining the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7, which is equivalent to pure water

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PowerPoint presentation about 'Understanding the pH Scale and Its Applications'. This presentation describes the topic on The pH scale is a widely used standard measurement for determining the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7, which is equivalent to pure water. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.

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Slide1pH Scale : a standard measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H + ) in a solution  (0-14)  Neutral solutions: pH of 7 (H 2 O)  Acidic  solutions:  pH less than 7  Basic  solutions:  pH more than 7  Difference of  10X  between each pH number • Acid:  Sour; High #of H +  ;Low # of OH - • Base:  Bitter; slippery; High # of OH - ; Low # of H + • Litmus Paper  : an indicator for the determination of an acid or base  Qualitative test          Red: acid          Blue: base • Acid + Base   -----   Salt + H 2 O (neutralization)

Slide2Physical Change : appearance changes slightly; still recognizable • Chemical Change :  rearrangement of atoms ; appearance totally changed • Chemical Equation : describes a chemical reaction  A + B ------ C + D        Reactants ------ Products • Law of the Conservation : During a chemical reaction, mass (energy) is neither created nor destroyed. • Inorganic Compound : No carbon is present  Example:  H 2 O

Slide3Organic Compound :   Carbon is present ; found in living things; shown by structural formula • Isomers : compounds with the  same chemical formula but  different structural formulas ; with different physical and chemical properties • Carbohydrates :  (end in OSE) • Give  quick energy ; contain C,H,O (2H:O); sugars, starches • Monosaccharides :   C 6 H 12 O 6   (simple sugars)  Examples : glucose (commercial name of dextrose), galactose, fructose (in fruit)  Isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose

Slide4Disaccharides :   C 12 H 22 O 11  (double sugars)  Examples :  maltose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)  Isomers: maltose, sucrose, lactose  Dehydration Synthesis Reactions: A  +   B ----- C  +  H 2 O        (H 2 O out)  Hydrolysis Reaction: C  +   H 2 O  ------  A  +   B           (H 2 O in)  Glucose + Glucose ------ Maltose + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6   +  C 6 H 12 O 6  -------  C 12 H 22 O 11   +  H 2 O  Glucose  +  Fructose ----- Sucrose  +  H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6   +  C 6 H 12 O 6  ------- C 12 H 22 O 11   + H 2 O

Slide5Glucose  +  Galactose ------ Lactose  +  H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6   +  C 6 H 12 O 6   ------ C 12 H 22 O 11   +  H 2 O ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  Maltose +  H 2 O --------  Glucose  +  Glucose  C 12 H 22 O 11  +  H 2 O -------  C 6 H 12 O 6   +  C 6 H 12 O 6  Sucrose  +  H 2 O -------  Glucose + Fructose  C 12 H 22 O 11   +  H 2 O ------- C 6 H 12 O 6  +  C 6 H 12 O  Lactose  +  H 2 O ------  Glucose + Galactose  C 12 H 22 O 11  +  H 2 O ------ C 6 H 12 O 6   +   C 6 H 12 O 6 • Polysaccharides :  starch  (complex sugars)  Cellulose  (plant starch)  Glycogen  (animal starch); stored in the liver

Slide6Test for Monosaccharides:  Benedict’s Solution  (blue solution) is added to an unknown substance +  heat  Results : green, orange, brown (+) for monosaccharides; blue (-) for disaccharides, polysaccharides  A  qualitative  test • Test for Polysaccharides:  Iodine  (brown solution) is added to an unknown substance  Results :  black, blue (+) for polysaccharides;  brown (-) for monosaccharides and disaccharides  A  qualitative  test

Slide7Lipids: • Gives  stored energy  ; contains C,H,O  (H:O greater than 2:1); never dissolve in H 2 O  Examples : oils (liquid), waxes (solid) • Body : padding around organs, insulation under skin  Glycerol  +  3 Fatty Acids -------- Lipid  +  3 H 2 O  Lipid  +  3 H 2 O -------  Glycerol  + 3 Fatty Acids • Types of Fats:  Saturated Fat    (bad)      -C-C-  Unsaturated Fat                C=C  Polyunsaturated Fat (good)        C=C=C

Slide8Cholesterol :  clogs arteries • Steroids :  important for growth, hormones • Proteins: • For  maintenance and repair  ; contain C,H,O,N • Another name for a protein:  polypeptide chain • Bonds in a protein:  peptide bonds  Examples: antibodies, hormones, enzymes  Enzyme: speeds up chemical reactions; also called  catalyst , end in ASE • Amino Acids  = “the building blocks of proteins”

Slide9Amino Acid  +  Amino Acid ----- Protein + H 2 O  Protein  + H 2 O -------  Amino Acid + Amino Acid • Parts of a Protein :  COOH  (carboxyl group)      NH 2  amino group) • Lipoproteins  (lipids and proteins in blood)  HDL  (high density lipoproteins): Remove cholesterol   (+)  LDL  (low density lipoproteins): Produce cholesterol  (-)