Extracting Relevant Epidemiological Components from a Time Series

1. How to extract the basic components of epidemiological relevance from a time-series? Wladimir J. Alonso Director of Origem Scientifica (Brazil) Contractor and Research Fellow at Fogarty International Center / NIH (US)

2. www.epipoi.info

3. Brazilian dataset of deaths coded as pneumonia and influenza We are going to extract as much information as possible from this series

4. Brazilian dataset of deaths coded as pneumonia and influenza Example of analyses performed in Schuck-Paim et al 2012 Were equatorial regions less affected by the 2009 influenza pandemic? The Brazilian experience . PLoS One . Data source: Department of Vital Statistics from the Brazilian Ministry of Health

5. Series to be analyzed Typical epidemiological time series from where to obtain as many meaningful and useful parameters as possible

6. Average Many times this information is all we need! mortality at time t

7. Average But, it still leaves much of the variation (residuals) of the series unexplained the first of which seems to be an unbalanced between the extremities mortality at time t

8. Linear trend Better now!

9. Trend (linear) We can use this information (e.g. is the disease increasing/decreasing? - but then the data needs to be incidence) Mortality at time t Linear trends Mean Mortality

10. Trend (with quadratic term too) Mortality at time t Quadratic trends Better definition It gets more complicated as a parameter to be compared across time-series But better if our purpose is eliminate the temporal trend

11. Getting rid of the trend Blue line: detrended series

12. But lets keep the graphic of the original series for illustrative purposes Clearly, there are still other interesting epidemiological patterns to describe Mortality at time t Linear and quadratic trends Mean Mortality

13. We can see some rhythm The block of residuals alternates cyclically Therefore this is something that can be quantified using few parameters Linear and quadratic trends Mean Mortality Mortality at time t

14. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768 1830)

15. Fourier series Some real world applications: Noise cancelation Cell phone network technology MP3 JPEG "lining up" DNA sequences etc etc It is a way to represent a wave-like function as a combination of simple sine waves

16. Before modeling cycles: so, remembering, these are the residuals before Fourier Linear and quadratic trends Mean Mortality Mortality at time t

17. and now with the incorporation of the annual harmonic Mortality at time t trends Annual harmonic Mean Mortality

18. or with the semi-annual harmonic only? Mortality at time t trends semiannual harmonic Mean Mortality

19. Much better when the annual + semi-annual harmonics are considered together! Mortality at time t trends Annual and semi-annual harmonics Mean Mortality

20. Although not much difference when the quarterly harmonic is added Mortality at time t trends Periodic (seasonal) components Mean Mortality

21. average seasonal signature of the original series We obtained therefore the average seasonal signature of the original series (where year-to- year variations are removed but seasonal variations within the year are preserved) Now, lets extract some interest parameters (remember, we always need a number to compare, for instance, across different sites)

22. Timing and Amplitude average seasonal signature of the original series

23. Variations in relative peak amplitude of pneumonia and influenza coded deaths with latitude Alonso et al 2007 Seasonality of influenza in Brazil: a traveling wave from the Amazon to the subtropics . Am J Epidemiol Latitude (degrees) 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Amplitude of the major peak (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (p < 0.001)

24. The seasonal component was found to be most intense in southern states , gradually attenuating towards central states (15oS) and remained low near the Equator Latitude (degrees) 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Amplitude of the major peak (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (p < 0.001)

25. 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Phase of the major peak (months of the year) J F M A M J J A S O N D Latitude (degrees) (p < 0.001) Variations in peak timing of influenza with latitude

26. 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Phase of the major peak (months of the year) J F M A M J J A S O N D Latitude (degrees) (p < 0.001) Peak timing was found to be structured spatio-temporally : annual peaks were earlier in the north, and gradually later towards the south of Brazil

27. 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 Phase of the major peak (months of the year) J F M A M J J A S O N D Latitude (degrees) (p < 0.001) Such results suggest southward waves of influenza across Brazil, originating from equatorial and low population regions and moving towards temperate and highly populous regions in ~3 months.

28. But can we still improve the model? Mortality at time t trends Periodic (seasonal) components Mean Mortality Yes, and in some cases we should, Mostly to model excess estimates e.g. pandemic year

31. Residuals after excluding atypical (i.e. pandemic) years from the model To define what is normal it is necessary to exclude the year that we suspect might be abnormal from the model

32. Ok, so now we can count what was the impact of the pandemic here right?

33. No! (unless you consider all the other anomalies pandemics (and anti-pandemics ) That is why we need to include usual residual variance in the model, and calculate excess BEYOND usual variation

36. Residuals after modeling year to year variance (1.96 SD above model) Mortality at time t trends Periodic (seasonal) components error term Mean Mortality

37. This is a measure of excess that is much closer to the real impact of the pandemic

38. Geographical patterns in the severity of pandemic mortality in a large latitudinal range Schuck-Paim et al 2012 PLoS One

39. You can perform all these analyses in epipoi software. If you do, please cite the following reference: Alonso & McCormick (2012) A user friendly analytical tool for extraction of temporal and spatial parameters from epidemiological time-series . BMC Public Health 12:982 www.epipoi.info

40. Example from diarrhea mortality in Mexico ( 1979-1988 ) Alonso WJ et al Spatio-temporal patterns of diarrhoeal mortality in Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2011 Apr;1-9.

41. quantitative and qualitative change of diarrhea in Mexico 1917-2001 Winter peaks Summer peaks Gutierrez et al. Impact of oral rehydration and selected public health interventions on reduction of mortality from childhood diarrhoeal diseases in Mexico. Bulletin of the WHO 1996 Velazquez et al. Diarrhea morbidity and mortality in Mexican children : impact of rotavirus disease. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004 Villa et al. Seasonal diarrhoeal mortality among Mexican children . Bulletin of the WHO 1999

42. State-specific rates, sorted by the latitude of their capitals, from north to south (y axis)

43. Timing of annual peaks (1979-1988) First peak in the Mexican capital !

44. Major Annual Peaks of diarrhea of the period 1979- 1988 in Mexican states, sorted by their latitude

45. Monthly climatic data were obtained from worldwide climate maps generated by the interpolation of climatic information from ground- based meteorological stations Climatologic factors Mitchell TD, Jones PD. An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. International Journal of Climatology 2005;25:693-712. (data at: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/)

46. Early peaks in spring in the central region of Mexico (where most of the people lives) followed by a decrease in summer

47. Early peaks in the monthly average maximum temperature in the central region of Mexico followed by a decrease in summer too !

48. The same climatic factors that enabled a dense and ancient human occupation in the central part of Mexico prevent a strong presence of bacterial diarrhea and the observed early peaks Mild summers - with average maximum temperatures below 24 o C

49. Thanks! wladimir.alonso@nih.gov