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Results

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  1. Outcomes…. • Skin condition • Time required • Hand microbiology • Preference

  2. Microbiological Assay Diary Card Data Collection Day # scrubs hrs.surg. hrs. glove mon 4 4 3 tue 3 4 2 wed thur fri

  3. Data Collection: Scrub Practices 61 Random Observations

  4. Skin Condition • Nine ratings during each phase for self-assessment, scaling and erythema • Skin damage significantly reduced during HP testing period (p=0.0005)

  5. Time Required • 61 observations of scrub technique (31 for HP, 30 for TSS) • Direct contact time less for HP product (79.1 vs. 146.6 secs, p=0.000) • Protocol deficiencies fewer for HP (6.5% vs. 50%, p=0.0001)

  6. Hand Microbiology • Pre- and post-scrub cultures obtained on Day 1, 5, and 19 during both phases • 33 isolates of GNB (83.7% Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella), 1 S. aureus, 11 yeast • No MRSA or VRE

  7. Post-Scrub Microbial Counts 4.5 4 3.5 Log CFU 3 2.5 TSS 2 HP 1.5 1 0.5 0 Day 1 (p=.054) Day 5 (p=.002) Day 19 (p=.02)

  8. Preferences 70 60 50 Percent 40 TSS 30 HP 20 10 0 Easier Faster Milder Gloving Prefer (p=.000) (p=.000) (p=.000) (p=.03) (p=.001)

  9. Traditional Scrub ~$60.40/application Mean time required: 6 mins total Alcohol Preparation ~$20.50/application Mean time required: 2 mins total Costs for ScrubbingLarson, AORN J, 2001; 73:412

  10. Alc vs. SoapZaragoza, AJIC, 1999; 27:258 • Mean reduction in counts: • plain handwashing: 49.6% • alcohol: 88.2% (p<.001) • Staff acceptance rate “good”: • plain handwashing: 9.3% • alcohol: 72%

  11. Log Counts, 50 MICU StaffLarson, CCM, 2001 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Alc -0.1 CHG -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 Day 1 Wk 2 Wk 4

  12. Mean Skin Scaling Scores, 50 MICU StaffLarson, CCM, 2001 5.8 5.6 5.4 ALC 5.2 CHG 5 4.8 4.6 Day 1 (p=.35) Wk 2 (p=.01) Wk 4 (p=.0005)

  13. Improvement in Skin ConditionBoyce, ICHE, 2000; 21:442 • After 2 wk use, with soap and water • more skin irritation (p=.001) • more transepidermal water loss (p=.003) • “Newer alcoholic hand gels that are tolerated better than soap may be more acceptable to staff and may lead to improved hand-hygiene practices.”

  14. Improvement in PracticeBischoff, Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:1017

  15. Improvement in PracticeMaury, Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2000; 162:324 • Frequency of appropriate hand hygiene • Conventional handwashing only: 42.4% • Addition of alcohol rinse: 60.9% (p=.001) • 3 months later: 51.3% (p=.007)

  16. Time and CostsVoss & Widmer, ICHE, 1997; 18:205 • 100% compliance with handwashing consumes 16 hr nursing time/day shift, whereas AHD requires 3 hr (p = .01) • “AHD, with its rapid activity, superior efficacy, and minimal time commitment, allows 100% healthcare- worker compliance without interfering with the quality of patient care”

  17. Conclusions • Prolonged scrubbing unnecessary and damaging • Brush unnecessary and damaging • Alcohol products warrant greater use • Link with outcomes absent

  18. What About Moisturizers/Lotions? • Prevent dehydration, damage to barrier properties, skin shedding, loss of skin lipids • Restore water-holding capacity of keratin layer • Increase width of corneocytes

  19. Moisturizers may even... • Prevent cross-infection by improving barrier properties of skin, reducing shedding of viable bacteria, creating a mechanical or chemical barrier

  20. Therefore... • Use lotions • Recommend lotions • But choose wisely

  21. Fall 2002 • Hand Hygiene Guideline For Healthcare Settings

  22. New emphases • Skin health, including moisturizers • Alcohol hand rinses • Compliance issues • Preoperative surgical hand preparation • Fingernails

  23. Outcome/Process Measure • Develop and implement a system for measuring improvements in compliance of healthcare workers with recommended hand hygiene practices. Examples are listed below.

  24. Examples of Measures • Monitor and record compliance as the number of hand hygiene episodes performed by personnel/number of hand hygiene opportunities, by ward or by service. Provide feedback to personnel regarding their performance. • Monitor the volume of alcohol-based hand rub (or detergent used for handwashing or hand antisepsis) used/1000 patient-days. • Monitor the prevalence of personnel wearing artificial nails. • When outbreaks of infection occur, assess the adequacy of healthcare worker hand hygiene.