Lesson 3 - More Crime and Less Punishment: Language and Word Study

1. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W Part Four Part Four ENTER

2. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W Language Study Language Study I. Word Study II. Phrases and Expressions III. Word Building IV. Grammar

3. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study Word list: 1. approval 2. commit 3. convict 4. deter 5. dismiss 6. illustrate 7. prior 8. reject 9. severity 10. witness 11. household 12. decline 13. given

4. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 1. approval n. the act of approving; an official approbation; sanction To be continued on the next page. for sb.s approval give ones approval to present sth. to sb. for approval submit sth. to sb. for approval with/without approval of / v . approve v . disapprove Word formation

5. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study Examples: Her father will never approve of her marriage to you. Congress approved the budget. The mayoress approved the new building plans. v . approve

6. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 2. commit v. a. to do, perform, or perpetrate b. to make known the views of (oneself) on an issue c. to learn sth well enough to remember it exactly Examples: to commit a crime/an error Chairman refused to commit himself on the controversial subject before making due investigations. I committed the sonata to memory. a .committed , n . commitment Word formation

7. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 3. Convict v. to find or prove (someone) guilty of an offense or crime, especially by the verdict of a court Examples: The jury convicted the defendant of manslaughter. He was convicted of murder. n . conviction Word formation

8. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 4. deter v. to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt Examples: Does negotiated disarmament deter war? Failure did not deter us from trying it again. n . a . deterrent deterrent policy deterrent power a nuclear deterrent Word formation

9. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 5. dismiss Examples: The boss threatened to dismiss all the employees who had expressed their sympathy for the strike, but its all bluff. The General dismissed troops after the inspection. n . dismissal Word formation v. a. to end the employment or service of; to discharge b. to direct or allow to leave

10. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study Examples: His story illustrates her true generosity very clearly. The book was illustrated with color photographs. 6. illustrate v. a. to clarify, as by use of examples or comparisons; b. to provide (a publication) with explanatory or decorative features n. illustration a . illustrative Word formation

11. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study Examples: I have a prior engagement and so cant go with you. This task is prior to all others. a prior consideration You must give this matter priority . 7. prior a. preceding in time or order b. preceding in importance or value n . priority according to priority give (first) priority to Word formation

12. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study v. to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of Examples: He rejected their invitation point-blank. reject an offer of help reject an appeal a reject from the varsity team 8. reject n . rejection n . reject , Word formation

13. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 9. severity v. a . the state or quality of being severe b. the act or an instance of severe behavior, especially punishment Examples: the severity of winter punish sb. with severity a . severe Word formation

14. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study v. to be present at or have personal knowledge of Examples: He witnessed the accident. We witnessed tremendous changes in the city. a witness of the accident These facts are a witness to his carelessness. 10. witness n. witness Word formation

15. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 11. household a . a. connected with looking after a house and the people in it b. commonly known; familiar Examples: household appliances Koda has become a household name. To be continued on the next page.

16. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study average household multiperson household peasant household n. household

17. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 12. decline v. a . to refuse politely b. to draw to a gradual close; to wane Examples: I declined their offer of help. an empire that has declined sink into a decline , ; ( ) on the decline , the decline of life , To be continued on the next page. Word formation n. decline

18. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W decline He declined the nomination. refuse : He refused to take the money. reject They rejected damaged goods. cf. decline, refuse, reject I. Word Study I. Word Study

19. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W I. Word Study I. Word Study 13. given a. a . specified; fixed b. prep. granted as a supposition; acknowledged or assumed Examples: We will meet at a given time and location. Given the condition of the engine, it is a wonder that it even starts. The end of Word Study.

20. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions List: 1. get tough with 2. amount to 3. give out 4. the other way round 5. be soft on/be easy on 6. work out 7. measured against

21. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W to become strong-minded or resolute II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions 1. get tough with Example: If you are looking for an explanation of why we dont get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers.

22. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W 2. amount to to add up to, total, be equal to, in quantity or in meaning Examples: His debts amount to five thousand dollars. The seemingly polite letter amounts to a refusal. , II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions

23. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W 3. give out to give sth. to each person in a group II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions Example: Students were giving out leaflets to everyone on the street.

24. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W 4. the other way round the opposite situation Examples: We think that punishment deters crime, but it just might be the other way round . He didnt divorce his wife. It was the other way round . To our surprise, the tiger didnt kill the man. It was the other way round the man killed the tiger. II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions

25. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W 5. be soft on/be easy on to be not stern; to be lenient; to be treating sb. in a soft manner; to be gently Example: it makes little sense to blame the police, judges or correctional personnel for being soft on criminals. II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions

26. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions 6. work out to have a specified result; to make a total amount of sth.; to add up to Examples: It worked out that everyone left on the same train. The ratio works out to an odd number. The total cost of the project worked out to 10 million.

27. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W 7. measured against II. Phrases and Expressions II. Phrases and Expressions compared with Examples: Yet when measured against the lower crime rates, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to local governments. The countrys economic growth last year is impressive when measured against those of other Asian countries. The end of Phrases and Expressions.

28. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W III. Word Building III. Word Building List: 1. prefix non- 2. suffix -al

29. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W III. Word Building III. Word Building noncombatant noncombatant non-: not nonabrasive nonacid nonadjustable nonautomatic nongovernmental The end of prefix. prefix

30. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W III. Word Building III. Word Building -al: action; process renew deny dismiss refuse survive disapprove propose withdraw renewal denial dismissal refusal survival disapproval proposal withdrawal arrival arrival suffix The end of Word Building.

31. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar Ways of expressing result Ways of comparing things Ways of expressing result Ways of comparing things

32. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W so much/many + noun + that so + adj. + as + to + infinitive so that + a clause; and + a clause; so + a clause do sth. + and + a clause (indicating a future result) so + adj./adv.+ that + a clause and so + a clause (only) to + infinitive of result Ways of expressing result Ways of expressing result IV. Grammar IV. Grammar

33. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar so much/many + noun + that that there is so much crime that it simply cannot be punished. so + adj. + as + to + infinitive I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem.

34. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar so that + a clause It all served to fog my mind with pleasure so that I forgot my grandpas repeated warnings. and + a clause I cut my hand and blood spurted freely from my wound.

35. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar so + a clause After some time, my fingers grew cold and numb, so I took the bandage off and threw it away. do sth. + and + a clause (indicating a future result) Read Homer and your mind includes a piece of Homers mind.

36. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar so + adj./adv.+ that + a clause I was so astonished at this that I must have looked rather foolish and everyone laughed. and so + a clause But the disease has not touched his mind, and so it has not affected his work.

37. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar (only) to + infinitive of result I tried to travel west but only to hit the creek again. The end of Ways of expressing result.

38. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar Ways of comparing things Ways of comparing things more + noun + than + clause of comparison the more the more more + adj./comparative form of adj. + noun + than+ clause as + adj. + as + clause more than+ clause as + adj. + as anything as + adv. + as + clause as much/many + noun + as possible as + adv. + as if + clause (as) + adj. + as + noun

39. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more (crimes) than we are able to punish. more + noun + than + clause of comparison The more angry he became, the more she laughed at him. the more the more

40. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar Our current crop of prisoners is an elite group, on the whole much more serious offenders than those who were once imprisoned in Alcatraz. The criminal justice system must then become as powerless as a parent more + adj. + noun + than + clause as + adj. + as + clause

41. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar Yet any of you knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past. Skys just as blue as anything . more than + clause as + adj. + as anything

42. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar And now, just as suddenly as the engine started, it stops. One can feel fulfilled by organizing ones cell to save as much space as possible . as +adv. + as+ clause as much + noun + as possible

43. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W IV. Grammar IV. Grammar The end of Grammar. Harry died abroad, in a third-rate hotel, with Bess weeping as hard as if he had left her a fortune. On EL Camino the traffic was steady and light, peaceful as a river . as + adv. + as if + clause (as) + adj. + as + noun

44. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment B T L E W Part Four Part Four This is the end of Part Four. Please click HOME to visit other parts.