The Four Kingdoms of Life's Evolution

2. 6 Kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia These four kingdoms are believed to have evolved from the Archaebacteria. Formerly grouped as one kingdom known as the Monerans.

3. Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • No nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms • Has nucleus • Many organelles • Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

4. Types of Nutrition • Autotrophs : (able to make own food) 1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food 2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H 2 S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food • Heterotrophs : (unable to make own food) 1.) Ingestion : organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts 2.) Absorption : produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules

5. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Cell Type : prokaryotes (original life form on earth; gave rise to eukaryotes) • Body Forms : unicellular • Cell Structure : – Cell Wall – Genetic Material – NO Organelles • Nutrition : autotrophs or heterotrophs • Habitat : extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs

6. Kingdom Archaebacteria Other Important Information: fewer than 100 species are believed to exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria

7. Kingdom Eubacteria • Cell Type : Prokaryotes - considered the “true bacteria” • Body Forms : unicellular • Cell Structure : – Cell Wall – Genetic Material – NO Organelles • Nutrition : photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; heterotrophic forms too • Habitat : Common environments – land, water and air; live in and on organisms

8. Kingdom Eubacteria Other Important Information: extremely diverse – more than 5000 species exist. Ecologically important as decomposers. Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Gonorrhea

9. Kingdom Protista • Cell Type : Eukaryotes • Body Forms : mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial • Cell Structure : – Cell Wall – Nucleus – Membrane-bound Organelles – Chloroplasts • Nutrition : photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or absorption • Habitat : freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms

10. Kingdom Protista Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150 feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease . Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold, Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena , diatoms

11. Kingdom Fungi • Cell Type : Eukaryotes • Body Forms : some unicellular, most multicellular • Cell Structure : – Cell Wall made of chitin – Nucleus (sometimes more then 1) – Organelles (no chloroplasts) – Opening between adjacent cells • Nutrition : heterotrophic (absorption) • Habitat : most are terrestrial, some live on or in organisms

12. Kingdom Fungi Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humans- parasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles

13. Kingdom Plantae • Cell Type : Eukaryotes • Body Forms : multicellular • Cell Structure : – Nucleus – Organelles – Chloroplasts – Cell wall made of cellulose – Large Central Vacuoles • Nutrition : photosynthetic autotrophs • Habitat : mostly terrestrial

14. Kingdom Plantae Other Important Information: plants are the base of terrestrial food chains; more than 262,000 species exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass

15. Kingdom Animalia • Cell Type : Eukaryotes • Body Forms : multicellular • Cell Structure : – Nucleus – Organelles – NO chloroplast – NO cell wall • Nutrition : heterotrophic • Habitat : land, water, air

16. Kingdom Animalia Other Important Information: the most diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move) Sketches of Cellular Examples Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects (ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human