Organizational Structure and Design, 9th Edition

Organizational Structure and Design, 9th Edition
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This book chapter covers traditional and contemporary views of work specialization, chain of command, span of control, departmentalization, cross-functional teams, authority, responsibility, unity of command, centralization, decentralization, and formalization in organizational design.

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1. ninth edition ninth edition STEPHEN P. ROBBINS STEPHEN P. ROBBINS PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama MARY COULTER MARY COULTER © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Structure and Design Organizational Structure and Design Chapter 10 Chapter 10

2. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–2 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Defining Organizational Structure Defining Organizational Structure • Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work specialization, chain of command, and span of control. • Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work specialization, chain of command, and span of control. • Describe each of the five forms of departmentalization. • Describe each of the five forms of departmentalization. • Explain cross-functional teams. • Explain cross-functional teams. • Differentiate, authority, responsibility, and unity of command. • Differentiate, authority, responsibility, and unity of command. • Tell what factors influence the amount of centralization and decentralization. • Tell what factors influence the amount of centralization and decentralization. • Explain how formalization is used in organizational design. • Explain how formalization is used in organizational design.

3. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–3 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Organizational Design Decisions Organizational Design Decisions • Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations. • Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations. • Explain the relationship between strategy and structure. • Explain the relationship between strategy and structure. • Tell how organizational size affects organizational design. • Tell how organizational size affects organizational design. • Discuss Woodward’s findings on the relationship of technology and structure. • Discuss Woodward’s findings on the relationship of technology and structure. • Explain how environmental uncertainty affects organizational design. • Explain how environmental uncertainty affects organizational design.

4. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–4 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Common Organizational Designs Common Organizational Designs • Contrast the three traditional organizational designs. • Contrast the three traditional organizational designs. • Explain team, matrix, and project structures. • Explain team, matrix, and project structures. • Describe the design of virtual and network organizations. • Describe the design of virtual and network organizations. • Discuss the organizational design challenges facing managers today. • Discuss the organizational design challenges facing managers today.

5. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–5 Defining Organizational Structure Defining Organizational Structure • Organizational Structure • Organizational Structure  The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization.  The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization. • Organizational Design • Organizational Design  A process involving decisions about six key elements:  A process involving decisions about six key elements:  Work specialization  Work specialization  Departmentalization  Departmentalization  Chain of command  Chain of command  Span of control  Span of control  Centralization and decentralization  Centralization and decentralization  Formalization  Formalization

6. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–6 Exhibit 10–1 Purposes of Organizing Exhibit 10–1 Purposes of Organizing • Divides work to be done into specific jobs and departments. • Assigns tasks and responsibilities associated with individual jobs. • Coordinates diverse organizational tasks. • Clusters jobs into units. • Establishes relationships among individuals, groups, and departments. • Establishes formal lines of authority. • Allocates and deploys organizational resources.

7. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–7 Organizational Structure Organizational Structure • Work Specialization • Work Specialization  The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs with each step completed by a different person.  The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs with each step completed by a different person.  Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover.  Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover.

8. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–8 Departmentalization by Type Departmentalization by Type • Functional • Functional  Grouping jobs by functions performed  Grouping jobs by functions performed • Product • Product  Grouping jobs by product line  Grouping jobs by product line • Geographical • Geographical  Grouping jobs on the basis of territory or geography  Grouping jobs on the basis of territory or geography • Process • Process  Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow  Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow • Customer • Customer  Grouping jobs by type of customer and needs  Grouping jobs by type of customer and needs

9. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–9 Exhibit 10–2 Functional Departmentalization Exhibit 10–2 Functional Departmentalization • Advantages • Efficiencies from putting together similar specialties and people with common skills, knowledge, and orientations • Coordination within functional area • In-depth specialization • Disadvantages • Poor communication across functional areas • Limited view of organizational goals

10. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–10 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Geographical Departmentalization Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Geographical Departmentalization • Advantages • More effective and efficient handling of specific regional issues that arise • Serve needs of unique geographic markets better • Disadvantages • Duplication of functions • Can feel isolated from other organizational areas

11. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–11 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Product Departmentalization Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Product Departmentalization + Allows specialization in particular products and services + Managers can become experts in their industry + Closer to customers – Duplication of functions – Limited view of organizational goals

12. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–12 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Process Departmentalization Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Process Departmentalization + More efficient flow of work activities – Can only be used with certain types of products

13. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–13 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Customer Departmentalization Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Customer Departmentalization + Customers’ needs and problems can be met by specialists - Duplication of functions - Limited view of organizational goals

14. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–14 Organization Structure (cont’d) Organization Structure (cont’d) • Chain of Command • Chain of Command  The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization and clarifies who reports to who.  The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization and clarifies who reports to who.

15. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–15 Organization Structure (cont’d) Organization Structure (cont’d) • Authority • Authority  The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it.  The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it. • Responsibility • Responsibility  The obligation or expectation to perform.  The obligation or expectation to perform. • Unity of Command • Unity of Command  The concept that a person should have one boss and should report only to that person.  The concept that a person should have one boss and should report only to that person.

16. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–16 Organization Structure (cont’d) Organization Structure (cont’d) • Span of Control • Span of Control  The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager.  The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager.  Width of span is affected by:  Width of span is affected by:  Skills and abilities of the manager  Skills and abilities of the manager  Employee characteristics  Employee characteristics  Characteristics of the work being done  Characteristics of the work being done  Similarity of tasks  Similarity of tasks  Complexity of tasks  Complexity of tasks  Physical proximity of subordinates  Physical proximity of subordinates  Standardization of tasks  Standardization of tasks

17. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–17 Exhibit 10–3 Contrasting Spans of Control Exhibit 10–3 Contrasting Spans of Control

18. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–18 Organization Structure (cont’d) Organization Structure (cont’d) • Centralization • Centralization  The degree to which decision-making is concentrated at a single point in the organizations.  The degree to which decision-making is concentrated at a single point in the organizations.  Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders.  Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders. • Decentralization • Decentralization  Organizations in which decision-making is pushed down to the managers who are closest to the action.  Organizations in which decision-making is pushed down to the managers who are closest to the action. • Employee Empowerment • Employee Empowerment  Increasing the decision-making authority (power) of employees.  Increasing the decision-making authority (power) of employees.

19. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–19 Exhibit 10–4 Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization Exhibit 10–4 Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization • More Centralization • More Centralization  Environment is stable.  Environment is stable.  Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at making decisions as upper-level managers.  Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at making decisions as upper-level managers.  Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.  Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.  Decisions are relatively minor.  Decisions are relatively minor.  Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.  Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.  Company is large.  Company is large.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers retaining say over what happens.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers retaining say over what happens.

20. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–20 Exhibit 10–4 (cont’d) Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization Exhibit 10–4 (cont’d) Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization • More Decentralization • More Decentralization  Environment is complex, uncertain.  Environment is complex, uncertain.  Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making decisions.  Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making decisions.  Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions.  Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions.  Decisions are significant.  Decisions are significant.  Corporate culture is open to allowing managers to have a say in what happens.  Corporate culture is open to allowing managers to have a say in what happens.  Company is geographically dispersed.  Company is geographically dispersed.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibility to make decisions.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibility to make decisions.

21. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–21 Organization Structure (cont’d) Organization Structure (cont’d) • Formalization • Formalization  The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.  The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.  Highly formalized jobs offer little discretion over what is to be done.  Highly formalized jobs offer little discretion over what is to be done.  Low formalization means fewer constraints on how employees do their work.  Low formalization means fewer constraints on how employees do their work.

22. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–22 Organizational Design Decisions Organizational Design Decisions • Mechanistic Organization • Mechanistic Organization  A rigid and tightly controlled structure  A rigid and tightly controlled structure  High specialization  High specialization  Rigid departmentalization  Rigid departmentalization  Narrow spans of control  Narrow spans of control  High formalization  High formalization  Limited information network (downward)  Limited information network (downward)  Low decision participation  Low decision participation • Organic Organization • Organic Organization  Highly flexible and adaptable structure  Highly flexible and adaptable structure  Non-standardized jobs  Non-standardized jobs  Fluid team-based structure  Fluid team-based structure  Little direct supervision  Little direct supervision  Minimal formal rules  Minimal formal rules  Open communication network  Open communication network  Empowered employees  Empowered employees

23. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–23 Exhibit 10–5 Mechanistic versus Organic Organization Exhibit 10–5 Mechanistic versus Organic Organization • High specialization • Rigid departmentalization • Clear chain of command • Narrow spans of control • Centralization • High formalization • Cross-functional teams • Cross-hierarchical teams • Free flow of information • Wide spans of control • Decentralization • Low formalization

24. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–24 Contingency Factors Contingency Factors • Structural decisions are influenced by: • Structural decisions are influenced by:  Overall strategy of the organization  Overall strategy of the organization  Organizational structure follows strategy.  Organizational structure follows strategy.  Size of the organization  Size of the organization  Firms change from organic to mechanistic organizations as they grow in size.  Firms change from organic to mechanistic organizations as they grow in size.  Technology use by the organization  Technology use by the organization  Firms adapt their structure to the technology they use.  Firms adapt their structure to the technology they use.  Degree of environmental uncertainty  Degree of environmental uncertainty  Dynamic environments require organic structures; mechanistic structures need stable environments.  Dynamic environments require organic structures; mechanistic structures need stable environments.

25. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–25 Contingency Factors (cont’d) Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Strategy Frameworks: • Strategy Frameworks:  Innovation  Innovation  Pursuing competitive advantage through meaningful and unique innovations favors an organic structuring.  Pursuing competitive advantage through meaningful and unique innovations favors an organic structuring.  Cost minimization  Cost minimization  Focusing on tightly controlling costs requires a mechanistic structure for the organization.  Focusing on tightly controlling costs requires a mechanistic structure for the organization.  Imitation  Imitation  Minimizing risks and maximizing profitability by copying market leaders requires both organic and mechanistic elements in the organization’s structure.  Minimizing risks and maximizing profitability by copying market leaders requires both organic and mechanistic elements in the organization’s structure.

26. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–26 Contingency Factors (cont’d) Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Strategy and Structure • Strategy and Structure  Achievement of strategic goals is facilitated by changes in organizational structure that accommodate and support change.  Achievement of strategic goals is facilitated by changes in organizational structure that accommodate and support change. • Size and Structure • Size and Structure  As an organization grows larger, its structure tends to change from organic to mechanistic with increased specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and rules and regulations.  As an organization grows larger, its structure tends to change from organic to mechanistic with increased specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and rules and regulations.

27. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–27 Contingency Factors (cont’d) Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Technology and Structure • Technology and Structure  Organizations adapt their structures to their technology.  Organizations adapt their structures to their technology.  Woodward’s classification of firms based on the complexity of the technology employed:  Woodward’s classification of firms based on the complexity of the technology employed:  Unit production of single units or small batches  Unit production of single units or small batches  Mass production of large batches of output  Mass production of large batches of output  Process production in continuous process of outputs  Process production in continuous process of outputs  Routine technology = mechanistic organizations  Routine technology = mechanistic organizations  Non-routine technology = organic organizations  Non-routine technology = organic organizations

28. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–28 Exhibit 10–6 Woodward’s Findings on Technology, Structure, and Effectiveness Exhibit 10–6 Woodward’s Findings on Technology, Structure, and Effectiveness

29. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–29 Contingency Factors (cont’d) Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Environmental Uncertainty and Structure • Environmental Uncertainty and Structure  Mechanistic organizational structures tend to be most effective in stable and simple environments.  Mechanistic organizational structures tend to be most effective in stable and simple environments.  The flexibility of organic organizational structures is better suited for dynamic and complex environments.  The flexibility of organic organizational structures is better suited for dynamic and complex environments.

30. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–30 Common Organizational Designs Common Organizational Designs • Traditional Designs • Traditional Designs  Simple structure  Simple structure  Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, little formalization  Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, little formalization  Functional structure  Functional structure  Departmentalization by function  Departmentalization by function – Operations, finance, human resources, and product research and development – Operations, finance, human resources, and product research and development  Divisional structure  Divisional structure  Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited autonomy under the coordination and control the parent corporation.  Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited autonomy under the coordination and control the parent corporation.

31. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–31 Exhibit 10–7 Strengths and Weaknesses of Traditional Organizational Designs Exhibit 10–7 Strengths and Weaknesses of Traditional Organizational Designs

32. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–32 Exhibit 10–8 Contemporary Organizational Designs Exhibit 10–8 Contemporary Organizational Designs Team Structure Team Structure • What it is: • What it is: A structure in which the entire organization is made up of work groups or teams. A structure in which the entire organization is made up of work groups or teams. • Advantages: • Advantages: Employees are more involved and empowered. Reduced barriers among functional areas. Employees are more involved and empowered. Reduced barriers among functional areas. • Disadvantages: • Disadvantages: No clear chain of command. Pressure on teams to perform. No clear chain of command. Pressure on teams to perform. Matrix-Project Structure Matrix-Project Structure What it is: What it is: A structure that assigns specialists from different functional areas to work on projects but who return to their areas when the project is completed. Project is a structure in which employees continuously work on projects. As one project is completed, employees move on to the next project. A structure that assigns specialists from different functional areas to work on projects but who return to their areas when the project is completed. Project is a structure in which employees continuously work on projects. As one project is completed, employees move on to the next project. • Advantages: • Advantages: Fluid and flexible design that can respond to environmental changes. Faster decision making. Fluid and flexible design that can respond to environmental changes. Faster decision making. • Disadvantages: • Disadvantages: Complexity of assigning people to projects. Task and personality conflicts. Complexity of assigning people to projects. Task and personality conflicts.

33. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–33 Exhibit 10–8 (cont’d) Contemporary Organizational Designs Exhibit 10–8 (cont’d) Contemporary Organizational Designs Boundaryless Structure Boundaryless Structure What it is: What it is: A structure that is not defined by or limited to artificial horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries; includes virtual and network types of organizations. A structure that is not defined by or limited to artificial horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries; includes virtual and network types of organizations. • Advantages: • Advantages: Highly flexible and responsive. Draws on talent wherever it’s found.. Highly flexible and responsive. Draws on talent wherever it’s found.. • Disadvantages: • Disadvantages: Lack of control. Communication difficulties.. Lack of control. Communication difficulties..

34. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–34 Organizational Designs (cont’d) Organizational Designs (cont’d) • Contemporary Organizational Designs • Contemporary Organizational Designs  Team structures  Team structures  The entire organization is made up of work groups or self- managed teams of empowered employees.  The entire organization is made up of work groups or self- managed teams of empowered employees.  Matrix and project structures  Matrix and project structures  Specialists from different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers.  Specialists from different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers.  Matrix and project participants have two managers.  Matrix and project participants have two managers.  In project structures, employees work continuously on projects; moving on to another project as each project is completed.  In project structures, employees work continuously on projects; moving on to another project as each project is completed.

35. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–35 Exhibit 10–9 An Example of a Matrix Organization Exhibit 10–9 An Example of a Matrix Organization

36. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–36 Organizational Designs (cont’d) Organizational Designs (cont’d) • Contemporary Organizational Designs (cont’d) • Contemporary Organizational Designs (cont’d)  Boundaryless Organization  Boundaryless Organization  An flexible and unstructured organizational design that is intended to break down external barriers between the organization and its customers and suppliers.  An flexible and unstructured organizational design that is intended to break down external barriers between the organization and its customers and suppliers.  Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries:  Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries: – Eliminates the chain of command – Eliminates the chain of command – Has limitless spans of control – Has limitless spans of control – Uses empowered teams rather than departments – Uses empowered teams rather than departments  Eliminates external boundaries:  Eliminates external boundaries: – Uses virtual, network, and modular organizational structures to get closer to stakeholders. – Uses virtual, network, and modular organizational structures to get closer to stakeholders.

37. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–37 Removing External Boundaries Removing External Boundaries • Virtual Organization • Virtual Organization  An organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and that temporarily hires specialists to work on opportunities that arise.  An organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and that temporarily hires specialists to work on opportunities that arise. • Network Organization • Network Organization  A small core organization that outsources its major business functions (e.g., manufacturing) in order to concentrate what it does best.  A small core organization that outsources its major business functions (e.g., manufacturing) in order to concentrate what it does best. • Modular Organization • Modular Organization  A manufacturing organization that uses outside suppliers to provide product components for its final assembly operations.  A manufacturing organization that uses outside suppliers to provide product components for its final assembly operations.

38. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–38 Today’s Organizational Design Challenges Today’s Organizational Design Challenges • Keeping Employees Connected • Keeping Employees Connected  Widely dispersed and mobile employees  Widely dispersed and mobile employees • Building a Learning Organization • Building a Learning Organization • Managing Global Structural Issues • Managing Global Structural Issues  Cultural implications of design elements  Cultural implications of design elements

39. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–39 Organizational Designs (cont’d) Organizational Designs (cont’d) • The Learning Organization • The Learning Organization  An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change through the practice of knowledge management by employees.  An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change through the practice of knowledge management by employees.  Characteristics of a learning organization:  Characteristics of a learning organization:  An open team-based organization design that empowers employees  An open team-based organization design that empowers employees  Extensive and open information sharing  Extensive and open information sharing  Leadership that provides a shared vision of the organization’s future, support and encouragement  Leadership that provides a shared vision of the organization’s future, support and encouragement  A strong culture of shared values, trust, openness, and a sense of community.  A strong culture of shared values, trust, openness, and a sense of community.

40. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–40 Terms to Know Terms to Know • organizing • organizing • organizational structure • organizational structure • organizational design • organizational design • work specialization • work specialization • departmentalization • departmentalization • functional departmentalization • functional departmentalization • product departmentalization • product departmentalization • geographical departmentalization • geographical departmentalization • process departmentalization • process departmentalization • customer departmentalization • customer departmentalization • cross-functional teams • cross-functional teams • chain of command • chain of command • authority • authority • responsibility • responsibility • unity of command • unity of command • span of control • span of control • centralization • centralization • decentralization • decentralization • employee empowerment • employee empowerment • formalization • formalization • mechanistic organization • mechanistic organization • organic organization • organic organization • unit production • unit production • mass production • mass production • process production • process production • simple structure • simple structure • functional structure • functional structure

41. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–41 Terms to Know Terms to Know • divisional structure • divisional structure • team structure • team structure • matrix structure • matrix structure • project structure • project structure • boundaryless organization • boundaryless organization • virtual organization • virtual organization • network organization • network organization • learning organization • learning organization • organizational chart • organizational chart