8086 Bus System Design: Buffering and Latching

1. Khaled A. Al-Utaibi alutaibi@uoh.edu.sa

2. Buffering and Latching 8086 Bus System Bus Timing Bus Write Cycle Read Cycle Ready and Wait States 8086 Bus System Design Objective Requirements Procedure

3. Before starting with 8086 bus system design, one needs to understand the following concepts: (1) Fan-out limitations of logic gates (2) Buffering (3) Latching

4. If the output of some gate A is connected to the input of another gate B, gate A is said to be driving gate , while gate B is said to be the load gate . The fan-out of a gate is the largest number of gate inputs this gate can drive. The fan-out for TTL is 10 loads. The fan-out for CMOS is 8 loads A B Driver Gate Load Gate

5. A buffer is a single input single output gate that provides the necessary drive capability which allows driving larger loads.

6. The outputs of 2 logic gates can not be directly connected because this causes a short circuit that results in huge current flow may result in damaging the circuit The solution to this problem is to use tri-state buffers. A tri-state buffer is a special gate with 3 states controlled by an enable input (E) : Logic 0 (Low Voltage), Logic 1 (High Voltage), and Hi-Impedance (Open Circuit)

7. 74LS245 3-State Bidirectional Octal Buffers:

8. 74LS244 3-State Unidirectional Octal Buffers:

9. The D-Latch is a memory device which can store one bit of data for as long as the device is powered. The D-Latch has one data input ( D ), one control input ( C ) and one data output ( Q/Q ). When C = 0 , the output Q keeps its value ( No Change ) When C = 1 , the output Q follows the input D ( Q = D )

10. 74LS374 3-State Octal D-Type Transparent Latches :

11. The 8086 has three buses (1) Address Bus: provides memory and I/O with the memory address or the I/O port number (2) Data Bus: transfers data between the microprocessor and the memory and I/O (3) Control Bus: provides control signals to the memory

12. 8086 access memory and I/O devices in periods called bus cycles . Each cycle equals 4 system-clocking periods (T states). If the clock is operated at 5 MHz, one 8086 bus cycle is complete in 800 ns.

15. The READY input causes wait states for slower memory and I/O components. A wait state ( Tw ) is an extra clocking period inserted between T2 and T3 . The READY input is sampled ( checked ) at the end of T2 and in the middle of Tw . If READY is a logic 0 at the end of T2 , then T3 is delayed and Tw is inserted between T2 and T3 READY is next sampled at the middle of Tw to determine if the next state is Tw or T3 . The READY signal is synchronized with clock using the 8284A clock generator.

16. Objective: to provide the system the three main buses required to access memory and I/O devices (1) Address Bus (2) Data Bus (3) Control Bus

17. Requirements: bus design must satisfy two main requirements (1) Bus Buffering: the system must be buffered if the number of devices interfaced to it is more than its fan-out (2) Bus Demultiplexing (Latching): All time multiplexed lines of the processor must be first demultiplexed (latched) to split address, data, status and control lines before interfacing them to memory and I/O devices.

18. Designing a bus system involves the following steps: (1) Identify input , output and input/output pins of the processor. Note that only output and input/output pins are considered for designing the bus system (i.e. input pins are not part of the bus system). (2) Identify time multiplexed pins of the processor. These pins need to be demultiplexed. (3) Use latches to demultiplex time multiplexed pins. (4) Use buffers to buffer all data, address and control lines to be connected to memory and I/O devices. Latched lines are already buffered. Input/output lines require bidirectional buffers Output lines require unidirectional buffers

19. Design a fully buffered and de-multiplexed bus system for a minimum mode 8086-based microcomputer system.

20. Inputs: these are not part of bus system design VCC GND NMI INTR CLK RESET READY TEST HOLD MN/MX

21. Outputs: A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 RD HOLDA (not required, why?) WR M/IO DT/R DEN ALE INTA (not required, why?)

22. Inputs/Output: AD0-AD15

23. Time Multiplexed Pins: AD0-AD15 A16/S3-A19/S6 BHE/S7

24. As shown in Step(2), the 8086 has 21 multiplexed lines: AD0-AD15 A16/S3-A19/S6 BHE/S7 To latch (demultiplex) these lines using 74LS373 octal latches, we need 21/8 = 3 chips. The input controls of the 74LS373 octal latches should be connected as follows : Output Control (OE) connected to GND (Why?) Latch Enable (G) connected to ALE (Why?)

26. The data lines D15-D0 should buffered using bidirectional buffers (74LS245). Why? We have 16 data lines. So, we need 16/8 = 2 chips. The Buffer Enable (G) should be connected to DEN (Why?) The Direction Control (DIR) should be connected to DT/R (Why?) The Control Lines M/IO, RD and WR should be buffered using unidirectional buffers (74LS244). Why? The Buffer Enable (G) should be connected to GND (Why?)

27. Since address lines A19-A0 & BHE are latched using 74LS373 octal latches, they are already buffered. The following control lines are will not be buffered: DT/R & DEN because they are will not be connected to memory or I/O devices. HOLDA because the direct memory access is not supported by our system. INTA because interrupts are not supported by our system.