Translation Equivalents and False Friends in Tourism

1. Translation Equivalents and False Friends across English and Italian in the Language of Tourism Translation Equivalents and False Friends across English and Italian in the Language of Tourism Elena Manca Elena Manca University of Lecce University of Lecce Foggia, 20th May 2005 Foggia, 20th May 2005

2. Case studies: Case studies: 1. How do Farmhouse Holidays owners and Agriturismi owners welcome their guests? 1. How do Farmhouse Holidays owners and Agriturismi owners welcome their guests? 2. How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests? 2. How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests?

3. Language and culture are strictly interrelated Language and culture are strictly interrelated For this reason: For this reason: 1. We have to consider: 1. We have to consider: The context of culture The context of culture The context of situation The context of situation The function of the text The function of the text

4. Culture is also conveyed by a single word or a set of words Culture is also conveyed by a single word or a set of words For this reason: For this reason: 1. We should consider 4 types of attraction, because words cluster just as people do: 1. We should consider 4 types of attraction, because words cluster just as people do: Collocation (lexical attraction) Collocation (lexical attraction) Colligation (grammatical attraction) Colligation (grammatical attraction) Semantic preference (semantic attraction) Semantic preference (semantic attraction) Semantic prosody (pragmatic attraction) Semantic prosody (pragmatic attraction)

5. The corpora used: The corpora used: A set of two comparable corpora: A set of two comparable corpora: 1. Web sites of British Farmhouse Holidays 200,000 words 1. Web sites of British Farmhouse Holidays 200,000 words 2. Web sites of Italian Agriturismi 120,000 words 2. Web sites of Italian Agriturismi 120,000 words They are made up of similar text types They are made up of similar text types

6. Results of the frequency list: Results of the frequency list: The word welcome is very frequent: The word welcome is very frequent: 324 instances 324 instances

7. What does it mean Farmhouse Holidays? What does it mean Farmhouse Holidays? A Farmhouse holiday can mean different things. It depends on the accommodation etc. The one thing they should all have in common is a warm and friendly welcome and the peace and beauty of the countryside. () Other holidays are like what we provide, self-catering, with the farmer welcoming you to wander on his farm if you wish and also to buy good local food. () People coming here always comment on the peace and beauty and the warmth of the welcome . A Farmhouse holiday can mean different things. It depends on the accommodation etc. The one thing they should all have in common is a warm and friendly welcome and the peace and beauty of the countryside. () Other holidays are like what we provide, self-catering, with the farmer welcoming you to wander on his farm if you wish and also to buy good local food. () People coming here always comment on the peace and beauty and the warmth of the welcome . (Jo Rider, 2000-personal communication ) (Jo Rider, 2000-personal communication )

8. The concept of benvenuto in the Agriturismi web sites: The concept of benvenuto in the Agriturismi web sites: Benvenuto occurs 4 times in the Italian comparable corpus Benvenuto occurs 4 times in the Italian comparable corpus

9. A case of non-equivalence A case of non-equivalence Dictionaries provide benvenuto as translation equivalent of welcome Dictionaries provide benvenuto as translation equivalent of welcome but but benvenuto is not used in the Italian comparable corpus of Italian agriturismi benvenuto is not used in the Italian comparable corpus of Italian agriturismi

10. Next step: Next step: 1. Identification of the 4 types of attraction of welcome and benvenuto 1. Identification of the 4 types of attraction of welcome and benvenuto 2. Comparison of the 4 types of attraction in order to find equivalences 2. Comparison of the 4 types of attraction in order to find equivalences 3. Identification of alternative translation equivalents 3. Identification of alternative translation equivalents

11. Welcome Welcome The most frequent collocates of welcome: The most frequent collocates of welcome: 1. Children 1. Children 2. Pets and dogs 2. Pets and dogs 3. Guests and Visitors 3. Guests and Visitors

12. Children Children number of units used Children over 10 welcome Ample off road parking number of units used Children over 10 welcome Ample off road parking available. Children over 5 welcome , baby sitting available available. Children over 5 welcome , baby sitting available single occupancy. Children are welcome but we cannot offer discounts single occupancy. Children are welcome but we cannot offer discounts kind. Pets and children are welcome . Children will find the kind. Pets and children are welcome . Children will find the residential caravans. Children and pets welcome . We are members of the residential caravans. Children and pets welcome . We are members of the with fireplace. Children and pets are welcome - Baby sitting - with fireplace. Children and pets are welcome - Baby sitting - heating. Dogs and children welcome . Costwolds Main page heating. Dogs and children welcome . Costwolds Main page

13. Age restrictions for children Age restrictions for children Sorry no Pets No smokers Children over 16 welcomed Sorry no Pets No smokers Children over 16 welcomed twin bedroom for sensible children over the age of seven . twin bedroom for sensible children over the age of seven . to leave them in the car. Children over 7 accepted . to leave them in the car. Children over 7 accepted . number of units used Children over 10 welcomed number of units used Children over 10 welcomed Dining Room Non-smoking. No children under the age of 8 . Dining Room Non-smoking. No children under the age of 8 .

14. Pets and dogs Pets and dogs and bread oven. Pets are welcome by prior arrangement . and bread oven. Pets are welcome by prior arrangement . baby bedding is supplied. Pets are welcome but must be kept under control baby bedding is supplied. Pets are welcome but must be kept under control mountain-bike routes. Your pets are welcome provided they are under control mountain-bike routes. Your pets are welcome provided they are under control breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house or kenneling is breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house or kenneling is farm-out buildings. Dogs are welcome provided they are kept strictly farm-out buildings. Dogs are welcome provided they are kept strictly year round. Well behaved pets are welcome and short breaks are available. tranquil. Well controlled dogs are welcome . Pheasant Cottage; Partridge year round. Well behaved pets are welcome and short breaks are available. tranquil. Well controlled dogs are welcome . Pheasant Cottage; Partridge high chair can be hired. Dogs are welcome on payment of a small fee high chair can be hired. Dogs are welcome on payment of a small fee breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house

15. Guests and visitors Guests and visitors and Kilburn. Our visitors are welcome to explore the farm to discover and Kilburn. Our visitors are welcome to explore the farm to discover Caebetran Farm. Visitors are welcome to see the cattle and sheep Caebetran Farm. Visitors are welcome to see the cattle and sheep bottle fed. All visitors are welcome to join in the farming activities bottle fed. All visitors are welcome to join in the farming activities Visitors are welcome to stroll around the farm. We regret Visitors are welcome to stroll around the farm. We regret Guests are welcome to relax in our victorian lounge Guests are welcome to relax in our victorian lounge and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its ose by. Our guests are welcome to fish the 1/4 mile river bank, ose by. Our guests are welcome to fish the 1/4 mile river bank, and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its pretty and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its pretty and bathroom. Guests are welcome to use the garden and fields guests to relax in or you are welcome to sit in the garden . and bathroom. Guests are welcome to use the garden and fields guests to relax in or you are welcome to sit in the garden . you will be welcome to come carol singing you will be welcome to come carol singing

16. How are bambini, animali and ospiti welcomed in the Italian Agriturismi? How are bambini, animali and ospiti welcomed in the Italian Agriturismi? Children Bambini Children Bambini Pets and dogs Animali, cani Pets and dogs Animali, cani Guests and visitors Ospiti Guests and visitors Ospiti

17. Bambini Bambini RIDUZIONI: Bambini 0-2 anni : -70%; Bambini 2-12 anni: 30% RIDUZIONI: Bambini 0-2 anni : -70%; Bambini 2-12 anni: 30% SCONTI E AGEVOLAZIONI Bambini fino a 3 anni gratis ; Sconto ed SCONTI E AGEVOLAZIONI Bambini fino a 3 anni gratis ; Sconto ed agevolazioni: Gratis bambini fino a 2 anni ; Sconto 30% pensione agevolazioni: Gratis bambini fino a 2 anni ; Sconto 30% pensione con tariffe speciali per bambini fino a 10 anni con tariffe speciali per bambini fino a 10 anni Supplementi e riduzioni: bambini 2/10 anni sconto 35% - Supplementi e riduzioni: bambini 2/10 anni sconto 35% -

18. Animali Animali Accettano. Animali: Ammessi i cani Accettano. Animali: Ammessi i cani della prenotazione ANIMALI: ammessi previo accordo della prenotazione ANIMALI: ammessi previo accordo (solo sala ristoro), ammessi animali , angolo lettura, telefono e sconto 15%. Ammessi animali di piccola taglia . (solo sala ristoro), ammessi animali , angolo lettura, telefono e sconto 15%. Ammessi animali di piccola taglia . prezzo ridotto. Sono ammessi animali di piccola taglia . prezzo ridotto. Sono ammessi animali di piccola taglia . una scuola di parapendio. Animali non ammessi una scuola di parapendio. Animali non ammessi normalmente in dotazione. Gli animali non son ammessi . normalmente in dotazione. Gli animali non son ammessi . Sono ammessi animali? Si, gli animali sono ammessi con pagamento di Sono ammessi animali? Si, gli animali sono ammessi con pagamento di consumo di gas. Non si accettano animali . Tutta la biancheria consumo di gas. Non si accettano animali . Tutta la biancheria Siamo aperti tutto l'anno, animali si accettano previo accordo . Siamo aperti tutto l'anno, animali si accettano previo accordo . Aperto tutto l'anno. Si accettano animali domestici . Aperto tutto l'anno. Si accettano animali domestici .

19. Ospiti Ospiti ampi spazi a disposizione degli amici ospiti che potranno raccogliere la ampi spazi a disposizione degli amici ospiti che potranno raccogliere la forno a legna pu essere utilizzato dagli ospiti per attivit di svago forno a legna pu essere utilizzato dagli ospiti per attivit di svago pu essere raccolta personalmente dagli ospiti , che poss ono anche assistere pu essere raccolta personalmente dagli ospiti , che poss ono anche assistere di produzione biologica, ove gli ospiti possono raccogliere prodotti di produzione biologica, ove gli ospiti possono raccogliere prodotti Nella fattoria Poggio Oliveto gli ospiti possono visitare le colture Nella fattoria Poggio Oliveto gli ospiti possono visitare le colture in bicicletta. Esternamente gli ospiti possono godere della piscina, in bicicletta. Esternamente gli ospiti possono godere della piscina, Vi la possibilit per gli ospiti di partecipare alle attivit Vi la possibilit per gli ospiti di partecipare alle attivit e nel mese di dicembre i nostri ospiti possono visitare il frantoio e nel mese di dicembre i nostri ospiti possono visitare il frantoio er vacanze tranquille e rilassanti. Gli ospiti potranno godere di una piscina er vacanze tranquille e rilassanti. Gli ospiti potranno godere di una piscina ediate vicinanze di Poggio Paradiso gli ospiti potranno fruire di attrezzature ediate vicinanze di Poggio Paradiso gli ospiti potranno fruire di attrezzature

20. Methodology Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) welcome -------------------------- children welcome -------------------------- children (via T.E.) (via T.E.) non-equivalence ------------------- bambini non-equivalence ------------------- bambini (via function) (via function)

21. Methodology Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) welcome -------------------------- pets and dogs welcome -------------------------- pets and dogs (via T.E.) (via T.E.) si accettano / -------------------- animali e cani si accettano / -------------------- animali e cani sono ammessi sono ammessi (via function) (via function)

22. Methodology Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) Welcome --------------------------- guest / Welcome --------------------------- guest / visitors visitors (via T.E.) (via T.E.) Possono / Possono / Vi la possibilit ------------------ ospiti Vi la possibilit ------------------ ospiti (via function) (via function)

23. Conclusion Conclusion Equivalence is function in context Equivalence is function in context Equivalence is culture bound Equivalence is culture bound Equivalence may not exist across cultures Equivalence may not exist across cultures

24. 2nd Question: 2nd Question: How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests? How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests?