Types of Asexual Reproduction in Animals

1. Name: ________ Period: _____

2. Can you look at another member of your species and tell whether it has an egg or lots of sperm cells to merge with your DNA? Can you look at another member of your species and tell whether it has an egg or lots of sperm cells to merge with your DNA?

3. No exchange of genetic material. Involves only ONE parent. Offspring is a CLONE of parent (same DNA) Sponges and coral reproduce asexually by budding Parthenogenesis : Type of asexual reproduction where a females eggs develop into offspring without ever being fertilized by a male! Virgin birth Ex: some fish, insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards Hammerhead shark Komodo Dragon

4. Combination of genetic material from TWO parents What defines reproductive success ? 1. ability to produce healthy offspring 2. ability to spread your genes Females Limited number of eggs (400 human life) Gestation period (takes time) Estrus period (sexual receptivity) Parental care If she fails, she must wait until next year to try again! Menopause Therefore, females spend substantially more time and energy in reproductionmore to risk. Males Unlimited sperm production 100s millions per ejaculation! Sexual success is to fertilize as many females as possible. Contribute nothing more than GENES. ** Results in SEXUAL CONFLICT = (males and females acting differently)

5. Males spend substantially more time and energy competing against other males for potential mates. Consequently, males are usually larger and more aggressive. This is called Sexual Dimorphism Males and females looking differently. It is caused by Sexual Selection different traits affect each sex differently pheasant peacock Lion In areas of high competition, sexual dimorphism is high . In areas with low competition, sexual dimorphism is low

6. An adaptation or trait (physical or behavioral) that allows you to reproduce . Ex: A peacocks bright feathers attract a female. * Does not necessarily mean increased survival advantage!! (which is why we like reproduction of the fittest) * Ex: A brightly decorated peacock is more easily seen by predators!! * Reproductive potential outweighs risk of predation!

7. Members of one sex (usually male) compete for mates. Common for herding animals Male secures a herd of females and aggressively defends his harem. Males can impregnate 100s of females, therefore high competition for females.its worth the risk of injury! High success for alpha males Females synchrony determines whether the male will protect the females all year or just during the mating season Sexual Selection : Males are larger and better able to fight and defend Natural Selection : Females are larger and better able to produce, store, carry, and provide resources for eggs.

8. Male elephant seals are up to four times larger than the females and are extremely aggressive to defend a harem of about 30 females, all in a large group on a beach.

9. What about the little guy? What about the Beta and Gamma males and their genes? Other evolved behaviors include 1. Female Mimicry pretend to be a female. Sneak into harem and mate. Alpha male cannot attend to ALL females all the time! 2. Satellite Male Beta male hangs out on the edge of territory and intercepts females as they enter 3. Guarding / Repelling Males stays with female the whole time to ensure his sperms safety. * Some butterflies leave a repellant smell on the female so no other males will mate with her! 4. Sperm Competition Some male insects have a devise on their penis to remove existing sperm from other males. Some can seal up the female genitalia = chastity belt!! Mimic female; get other male to release sperm 5. Dual Male Forms (phenotypes) Coho Salmon either large aggressive or small docile. The balance each other out and are perfectly stable. If more large ones, they would fight over territory too much and small ones would thrive. If more small ones, the big ones wouldnt fight and would dominate the small ones. Both strategies equally successful

10. Female chooses her mate. Competition among males exists, but not fighting or aggression Bases her choice on a trait she finds attractive . Males make sounds, visual cues, or give gifts to gain her attention Females have much to lose, so they should be picky when selecting a mate! Male may not be the best male, but rather the one with the best territory, or builds the best nest, or brings the biggest piece of food. Results in: Courtship rituals ~ male and female perform together Courtship displays ~ one sex performs for the other. bowerbird displays

11. 1. Identification ensures mating is with the same species 2. Reduce aggression some larger females may recognize the smaller males as a threat and attack. His display will prove his ID and calm her down (often times he gives her a gift of food). 3. Fitness assessment size up the potential mate. 4. Mating readiness ensures she is physiologically ready for sexis she ovulating? 5. Bonding some animals need to ensure their compatibility with their partner

12. A Lek is a gathering area for males to perform for a females attention. Males gather to dance, call, or display their talents (no fighting) Center of the Lek is reserved for dominant males Frogs and toads = chorus

13. Possess both male and female organs Can exchange sperm and egg simultaneously Self fertilization rarely occurs Usually found in solitary, slow-moving animals ~ difficult to find a mate ~ therefore, everyone is a mate! Protandry: born male, then change to female Protogyny: born female, then change to male * Occurs in animals with simple sex organs ONLY and external fertilization. Not possible in mammals that have placenta, nipples, uterus, live young, etc. Clown fish grouper

14. Polygamy 1. Monogamy exclusive one male and one female 2. Polygyny one male mating with several females 3. Polyandry one female mating with several males 4. Polygynandry both sexes having many partners Are these patterns genetically programmed in each species?

15. relatively rare in nature (only 3% mammals are monogamous) common where resources are low and offspring are helpless common in rodents, but mostly found in birds - helpless until flight functional for nest protecting and food gathering when both parents invest, higher survival rate for offspring name a species that will only mate in private? Can you suggest a reason for this unusual behavior? Swans and geese stay together for life, even when not breeding! * Extra pair copulations is a common behavior for monogamous couples

16. one male mating with several females when food is plenty, and competition and predation are low, monogamy is not necessary. advantageous for males because, unlike female, he can increase his reproductability, he has no gestation period, and does not lactate. most common mating system in the animal kingdom (97% mammal) 4 types: 1. Resource defense Females reproductive success depends on availability of resources food, water, safety Fleshman response : Male curls lip upward and smells female genitalia to determine if she is sexually ready. Common in hoofed mammals 2 . Female Harem Defense Females gather in defendable areas benefits from mutual defense, alarm calls, and safety. Small territory single male ~ elephant seal Large territory few males ~ lions, chimps 3. Male Dominance Resources are plentiful and NOT clumped. Females are free to choose whomever she wantssuch as males that are most FIT. Lek systems Study: 6% of bats did 80% of the mating 4. Scramble Competition Males actively search for females, but with little competition or fighting. Usually large groups of females and large groups of males gathering togetherfighting unnecessary.

17. One female mates with many males Very rare in nature Few birds, insects, sea horse Female success is how many males she can mate with Female will lay many clutches of eggs for males to incubate Males have small territory, while female has larger territory encompassing many males areas (jacana bird). She will breed with ALL the males!

18. Multiple mating pairs for both sexes. A combination of polygynous males and polyandrous females Usually occurs when male territories overlap, and each contain at least one female. A Male weasel will travel to find females. He will mate and continue to travel. The females will mate with many traveling males, and the males will mate with multiple females along his travels.

19. 1. Courtship : male sniffs and performs for the female. Recognition. 2. Pursuit : Male chases the female 3. Mounting : the male mounts the female 4. Lordosis : arched back posture with tail to the side. Invites insertion 5. Intromission : penis insertion 6. Ejaculation : occurs after multiple intromissions (thrusts) 7. Rest : refractory period for males. Coolidge Effect refractory period in lab rats is decreased (or eliminated) if different female is introduced! Named after President Calvin Coolidge. (mammalian)

20. As defined by William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1957) Researched sex - best seller, translated into 30 languages Masters and Johnson Institute, St Louis Defined 4 stages of sex: 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution Vasocongestion : increase blood flow to tissues (swelling), including face, cheeks, and lips. Also causes fluids to seep through = lubrication. Increase in BP, HR, and pulse. Scrotum pulls toward body. Labia majora flattens, minora swells and opens. Cervix and uterus retract creating room for penis insertion. Sex Flush in females redness Vasoconstriction peaks Breathing, pulse, bp, and hr increase Breasts swell Clitoris retracts into body Labia darkens Breathing, pulse, bp, and hr increase dramatically. Muscular contraction across body, including face Rhythmic muscular contractions of genitalia, including vagina, uterus in females and urethral bulb (prostate) and penis in males. Excitement and plateau reverse. Body returns to unaroused state Decrease in muscle tension Males have refractory period where they cannot become erect or orgasm. Ranges from minutes to days. Females do not experience this

21. Nitric oxide : increase blood flow to penis (viagra targets this chemical) Serotonin : contract smooth muscle in genitalia Epinephrine : increase muscle contraction during sexual activity, increase vaginal pulse amplitude. Dopamine : pleasure chemical. Responsible for sexual arousal. Prolactin : reduces sexual desire (after sex). Inhibited by dopamine, and effects dopamine release (too much causes impotence) Androgen : primary male hormone (testosterone). Causes sexual desire. Made by the sex organs. Estrogen : primary female hormone. Does not cause desire, but leads to lubrication during sex. Progesterone aids the female libido (not estrogen). ** Can males smell estrogen from female? May cause instant sexual arousal. ** Most sex hormones are controlled by thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary in the brain .

22. Reproductive cessation Experienced in females only In humans: - Lower estrogen levels leads to thinning vaginal walls and labia, and decrease in lubricationsex can be painful. - Usually occurs in women about 50 years. High sexual activity during this time can reduce the symptoms. Can also be treated with hormone therapy. - Menopause does NOT occur in males, however, aging men experience shrinking testicles, decreased sperm count, a reduction in volume and force of ejaculation, and a longer refractory period. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common. - People over 70 years old: 65% women and 59% men still sexually active.