Asbestos Removal: Work Specification and Contractor Assessment

1. W504 - Asbestos removal

2. Preparation of work specification The decision to remove asbestos containing materials should be based on the application of the management plan As part of the process the asbestos removal contractor or workers will need to be provided with details of the asbestos removal requirements Whoever engages an asbestos removal contractor should either Have enough knowledge to critically assess contractors competency and plan of work, or Engage a separate and independent third party to provide this review

3. Preparation of work specification NOHSC: 2002 (2005) states that the work specification should include: Descriptions of asbestos containing materials to be removed, including type, condition and quantity Details of any section or materials to be left in place Areas to be cleaned or decontaminated Types of fittings / supports and if these are to be removed How the asbestos waste is to be disposed Arrangements for clearance inspections and air monitoring

4. Preparation of work specification NOHSC:2002 (2005) states work specification should include: Details of location of the removal Indoors, outdoors but protected, exposed to outside weather, enclosed in ducts or in trenches below ground level Difficult / unusual site conditions and access e.g. working at height Areas that are difficult to access e.g. wall and ceiling cavities Details of areas that have not been accessed but could contain asbestos Safe work procedures for dealing with any unexpected asbestos found during removal work

5. Preparation of work specification NOHSC: 2002 (2005) states that the work specification should include: Details of any residual heat in pipework, boilers, plant etc Other temperature considerations Location of electrical equipment and supplies that need to be isolated or protected Unusual or specific hazards associated with the removal area Site occupancy restrictions and conditions including access, egress and emergency arrangements

6. Preparation of work specification Other issues not specifically identified in NOHSC: 2002 (2005) include: Confined spaces (often an issue in asbestos removal work) Any hazardous chemicals or materials (other than asbestos) that might be present What provisions and procedures will be implemented for communications with the site manager / owner

7. Preparation of job specification Contractors / workers must be competent to undertake the removal work In many countries asbestos removal contractors / workers have to be registered or licensed to work with the higher risk asbestos containing materials UK - the Health and Safety Executive issues licenses to work with asbestos coatings, asbestos insulation and asbestos insulating board Australia the relevant State Occupational Health and Safety Authority issues licenses to asbestos removalists to remove friable asbestos containing materials and larger quantities of non-friable asbestos containing materials

8. Preparation of job specification The fact that a contractor holds a licence should ensure they meet certain minimum criteria However, this does not necessarily mean that They are competent for all types of removal work, or They will undertake the work correctly Therefore, it is important to Critically review their plan of work Critically review their competence Undertake audits of their work

9. Preparation of job specification In many jurisdictions it is a requirement to notify work with asbestos to the relevant regulatory authority Depending on local requirements this duty may be placed on the site owner or on the removal contractors. It is important to establish who is responsible for any notifications In UK, for most work with asbestos insulation, asbestos spray coating and asbestos insulating board, the asbestos removal contractor must give 14 days notice to the enforcing authority prior to the commencement of the work Similarly, in Australia, notification to the relevant authority is also required.

10. Asbestos removal risk assessment A risk assessment will need to be undertaken to establish risks associated with the work and the precautions needed to prevent or minimise the risks This should ensure that Scope of the proposed work is fully considered Appropriate work methods are identified so that exposure to asbestos is adequately controlled and legal obligations satisfied Carried out by a competent person and should describe the work, the expected exposures and the methods of control Should be recorded in writing and form basis of plan of work Should also include non-asbestos risks such as falls from height, electrical safety, heat stress, confined space work etc

11. Asbestos removal plan of work Plan of work (often called method statement) Details the specific work methods and controls for a particular job at a particular location Source of reference for asbestos removal team Is an active document and if any significant changes on-site are necessary can be amended Changes communicated to employees Changes may need to be communicated to enforcing authorities Followed as far as reasonably practicable If cannot follow plan, stop work until new plan drawn up

12. Asbestos removal plan of work Information to be included (NOHSC) Details of asbestos containing materials to be removed Location Whether friable or non-friable Type Condition Quantity

13. Asbestos removal plan of work Information to be included (NOHSC) Preparation / planning Responsibilities assigned Commencement and completion dates Emergency plans Asbestos removal boundaries, type and level of isolation required, location of signs and barriers Control of electrical and lighting installations Personal protective equipment to be used Details of air monitoring Waste storage and disposal

14. Asbestos removal plan of work Information to be included (NOHSC) Removal Methods to be used for removing asbestos Asbestos removal equipment Details on required enclosures size, shape and structure location of negative pressure exhaust units Decontamination units required Type, location, power and water requirements Other controls required

15. Asbestos removal plan of work Information to be included (NOHSC) Decontamination and waste disposal Detailed procedures for Decontamination of workplace Decontamination of tools and equipment Personal decontamination Methods of disposal for asbestos wastes, including disposable personal protective equipment and structures used to enclose the removal area

16. Asbestos removal plan of work Other considerations Should be kept on-site and available for anyone involved in the removal work including anyone involved in testing or monitoring of removal work Throughout the removal work, the site owner or operator should Have a competent representative checking the contractor to ensure work plan is being implemented Check that any site operations that may potentially affect the contractor are properly communicated and planned for Site specific emergency plan should be included Exit arrangements and emergency communications Decontamination procedures might need to be temporarily waived in event of an emergency

17. Asbestos removal plan of work Other considerations Removal of asbestos from hot surfaces Work should be planned to avoid removal of asbestos from hot surfaces Scheduled and planned around shut-downs allowing sufficient time to cool Removal of friable asbestos from hot surfaces presents particular problems as wetting is ineffective Hot removal should only be used in emergency situations Heat stress Must be considered particularly in selection of protective equipment and work schedule Potential problems increased whenever work is contained within an enclosure

18. Asbestos removal - enclosures The need for and type of enclosure required depends on the type and quantity of materials being removed the location and the removal methods These and any regulatory requirements are considered in the risk assessment when preparing the plan of work Enclosure a physical barrier around the asbestos work area to prevent spread of asbestos waste and dust to surrounding environment Access to enclosure regulated by entry and exit openings (airlocks) that also allow for decontamination of personnel and equipment Enclosure designed and constructed so that size and number of openings (and leaks) are minimised Enclosures should be under mechanical ventilation

20. Asbestos removal - enclosures Anybody entering enclosure should wear suitable personal protective equipment and decontaminate on leaving enclosure Regulations frequently require an enclosure when working on most hazardous types of asbestos products Australia friable asbestos containing materials UK asbestos insulation, asbestos spray coating, asbestos insulating board

22. Asbestos removal - enclosures Enclosures may also be needed for lower risk materials such as asbestos cement if extensive breakage required or removal work is in a particularly sensitive area However sometimes enclosures may not be practicable e.g. Working on high level pipework outside or Scale of work is very small and risk of fibre release is very low In absence of enclosure, other measures must be in place e.g. Restricting access by barriers Work methods that minimise dust generation and prevent spread of contamination

23. Asbestos removal - enclosures Enclosure design and main features Suitable size taking into account working requirements and need for any plant or equipment to be used However, should not be over-sized as this increases potential for asbestos contamination and ventilation requirements. Also adds to cost of construction May make use of parts of existing structure e.g. walls, ceilings or may be free standing Surfaces smooth and impervious, usually achieved by use of lining material such as polythene Sealed as far as possible Particular attention paid to sealing around pipes, ducts etc that pass through into adjoining areas Openings sealed with tape, sheeting or expanding foam etc

26. Asbestos removal - enclosures Enclosure design and main features Sufficient negative pressure (mechanical ventilation) To provide additional control if any small or accidental leaks To avoid creating a confined space and to reduce exposure by reducing airborne fibre concentrations To control air movement during personnel and waste transfers to and from the enclosure More than one air extraction unit may be required For very large work areas it may be better to sub-divide it into a number of smaller enclosures

28. Asbestos removal - enclosures Enclosure design and main features Ideally access to the enclosure should be directly from the decontamination unit via a short space or tunnel However, often this is not practicable and a transiting arrangement is used where workers enter and leave the enclosure via a three stage airlock Ideally enclosures should have separate airlock arrangements for removal of waste Should be able to see into the enclosure without the need to enter it. Sufficient viewing panels should be installed in the walls of the enclosure or use of CCTV / webcam considered

30. Asbestos removal - enclosures Construction of enclosures Area may need pre-clean / preparation prior to construction of enclosure Remove non-asbestos dust and debris Removing movable items Sheeting over non-movable items Part or all of enclosure may require use of a temporary frame or structure to which impervious sheeting is securely fixed Timber most commonly used, may also use scaffolding Polythene sheeting is most widely used material Other factors to consider If external, wind and weather conditions If it is over permeable surfaces such as gravel or soil

31. Asbestos removal - enclosures Construction of enclosures Polythene sheeting must be of sufficient strength Australia (NOHSC) states for most jobs heavy duty plastic sheeting of 200 micron thickness suitable UK (HSE) states for most jobs sheeting of 250 micron thickness (1000 gauge) suitable Exposed locations may require stronger materials such as nylon mesh reinforced poly vinyl chloride (PVC) sheeting Where fire hazards occur, flame retardant polythene sheeting should be used

32. Asbestos removal - enclosures Construction of enclosures Airlocks / bag-locks sufficient size UK (HSE) requires minimum size of 1m x 1m x 2m Access openings constructed to prevent asbestos dust passing from one compartment to another Vertical slit in dividing panel Slit covered by flap on onside Flap weighted at the base Floor of enclosure covered by impervious material unless floor is impervious and easily cleaned Polythene sheeting or Polythene sheeting covered by hardboard or similar material

33. Asbestos removal - enclosures Air extraction equipment To provide negative pressure within enclosure Location of extraction equipment chosen to achieve effective airflow management through enclosure Make-up air mainly achieved by air flowing in through the airlocks Ideally inlet furthest from airlocks so air is purged through whole of enclosure May require use of additional flexible ducting to position inlet effectively Large areas may require more than one extraction unit

34. Air extraction unit Source: HSE Guidance Note HSG 247 reproduced under the terms of the click-use licence

38. Asbestos removal - enclosures Air extraction equipment Provides adequate filtration Should be fitted with high efficiency (HEPA) filter (Minimum 99.997% efficiency) Incorporates pre-filters to minimise dust build-up on main filter Pre-filters must be changed regularly Sufficient capacity UK (HSE) recommends a minimum of 8 air changes per hour for small / medium sized enclosures Discharge ducting Ideally extracted air should be vented to outside Make-up air May need cooling to minimise potential thermal stress issues

39. Decontamination procedures Anybody who enters an enclosure or designated work area may become contaminated with asbestos and will need to decontaminate themselves Purpose is to ensure that personal protective equipment as well as the person is cleaned to prevent further spread of contamination All workers need to be properly trained including practical training Emergency situations Site emergencies (fire, evacuation etc) Medical emergencies

40. Decontamination procedures Full decontamination Used in most situations where asbestos removal work is undertaken Full decontamination requires the use of a decontamination unit or hygiene facility Two different forms of full decontamination Hygiene facility directly connected via an intervening space or tunnel to the enclosure Use of transit facilities where the hygiene facility is physically separated from the enclosure

42. Hygiene Facility Source: HSE Guidance Note HSG 247 reproduced under the terms of the click-use licence

43. Decontamination hygiene unit attached to enclosure - entering Enter hygiene unit via clean end door Inspect, check respirator, undress. Put on clean personal protective equipment and respirator. Carry out fit check on respirator Pass through shower area into dirty end Leave hygiene unit. Go through intervening airlock and enter enclosure

44. Decontamination hygiene unit attached to enclosure - leaving Vacuum all visible dust from personal protective equipment Leave enclosure and enter intervening airlock Enter dirty end of hygiene unit. Remove all footwear and clothing. Do not remove respirator Enter shower area with respirator on, shower and use a sponge to clean respirator Remove respirator, dispose of filters, finish showering Move into clean area carrying respirator, dry off and dress Exit hygiene facility via clean end external door

45. Hygiene facility not attached directly to enclosure Often transit procedures are used when it is not practicable to connect the decontamination unit to the enclosure Transit facilities provided to enable workers to carry out preliminary decontamination prior to travelling to the main hygiene facility Usually consists of a three-stage airlock of sufficient size attached to the enclosure Object is to remove as much of the asbestos dust / debris acquired in the enclosure as possible To minimise spread of contamination transit footwear and transit coveralls are worn Transit routes should be away from occupied areas where practicable On reaching hygiene facility full decontamination is undertaken

46. Decontamination transiting procedure entering enclosure Enter hygiene unit via clean end door Inspect, check respirator, undress. Put on transit coveralls and footwear and respirator. Carry out fit check on respirator Pass through shower area into dirty end Leave hygiene unit. Walk to transit facilities via designated transit route Enter outer stage of transit airlock. Remove transit coveralls and footwear, put on working clothing and footwear Go through intervening airlock and enter enclosure

47. Decontamination transiting procedure leaving enclosure Vacuum all visible dust from personal protective equipment Leave enclosure and enter inner stage of transit airlock Clean footwear with water, sponge down or wipe respirator Enter middle stage of airlock, remove coveralls and footwear worn in enclosure. Do not remove respirator Enter outer stage of airlock. Put on transit overalls and transit footwear. Walk to hygiene unit via designated transit route Enter dirty end of hygiene unit. Remove all footwear and clothing. Do not remove respirator Enter shower area with respirator on, shower and use a sponge to clean respirator Remove respirator, dispose of filters, finish showering Move into clean area carrying respirator, dry off and dress Exit hygiene facility via clean end external door

48. Preliminary decontamination In some situations (e.g. analyst undertaking clearance certification after asbestos removal) full decontamination may not be necessary The required decontamination level should be determined as part of the risk assessment for the work On exiting, normal decontamination procedures should be followed Vacuum dust off protective equipment, wipe respirator, clean footwear Remove coveralls in middle stage of airlock Exit airlock system and remove respirator Analysts entering areas where contamination is liable to be more significant should undertake full decontamination e.g. Entering a live area to undertake supervisory duties Where there is greater potential for contamination during a clearance inspection such as crawling through roof void

49. Preliminary decontamination For building surveys decontamination of footwear is likely to be the most frequent activity This will be necessary in areas where asbestos dust and debris may be present on the floor If disposable overshoes are worn, these can be taken off, bagged as asbestos waste and replaced Otherwise, shoes can be wiped down In general, the coverall and respirator should be removed on completion of the survey (or at a break) in a safe area e.g. in the open air

50. Removal procedures A range of techniques can be used to minimise generation of airborne asbestos fibres. The chosen method will depend on a number of factors including: Type of asbestos product insulation, spray coating, insulating board, cement etc The thickness of the asbestos containing material The presence and nature of any coating on the asbestos containing material The type and nature of any fixing nailed, screwed etc Other factors e.g. whether pipework is redundant, the asbestos containing material is damaged, accessibility etc

51. Removal procedures Generation of airborne asbestos should be minimised e.g. Unscrewing and removing complete panels rather than breaking out Regular cleaning up and bagging of asbestos waste Use of high efficiency vacuum cleaners Remove whole sections of plant intact and transport to a centralised asbestos removal site Wet down or damp down materials Particularly important for friable materials such as insulation and spray coating Removal of dry or poorly wetted insulation can lead to exposure levels of 100 fibres / cm 3 or higher. Good wetting of the insulation should enable exposure levels to be reduced to much lower than 1 fibre / cm 3

52. Removal procedures - wetting To achieve the most effective wetting Wetting agent applied at a rate at which it can be absorbed by the material Sufficient time allowed for wetting agent to thoroughly penetrate the material Porous materials will wet more quickly than some dense materials. Wetting times may be a few hours or even up to about a day Avoid over-wetting that may create slurry which may be difficult to deal with Degree of penetration checked before attempting removal, a dye may be added to the wetting agent to aid this examination Wetting may be less applicable (but still of benefit) for harder, dense materials such as friction products, cement products, waterproofed materials etc

53. Removal procedures controlled wetting by injection method Material should be wetted through its full depth Water alone may not be very effective, so a wetting agent (surfactant) usually added Very effective method, particularly when outer surface is sealed or coated so wetting agent will be better retained within insulation Multipoint systems often have a string of needles connected to a common injection pump Correct positioning of needles important as is allowing sufficient wetting time Wet injection carried out at low pressure to ensure controlled and uniform wetting. If higher pressures used, wetting may not be uniform and there is a greater risk of insulation breaking off

54. Injection

55. Removal procedures controlled wetting by spray method Used where injection is inappropriate e.g. material too hard, unsealed, too thin etc Spraying generally wets outer surface and only penetrates thin porous materials Penetration and wetting can be improved by increasing number of sprayings and allowing sufficient soak time Particularly suitable for: Unsealed, porous materials e.g. spray coatings Thin materials (less than 1 cm) Removal of asbestos insulating board Asbestos textiles, blankets, ropes In conjunction with glove-bags Removal of asbestos debris Work on asbestos cement

56. Removal procedures controlled wetting by spray method Water alone may not be very effective, so a wetting agent (surfactant) usually added For small applications hand pressurised equipment can be used. For larger applications, a low pressure spraying machine is more appropriate Spray applied so that the entire surface is saturated, but run-off is minimised

59. Removal procedures dry removal method Least preferred option particularly for friable materials Only used if injection or wet spray methods are not suitable If dry removal method used the following factors should be considered and used, as determined by a risk assessment Work area fully enclosed and maintained at negative pressure Personnel involved in removal operation to wear respiratory protection with high assigned protection factor Material removed in small sections with minimal disturbance, to minimise fibre generation Waste material placed immediately in appropriate containers and wetted Vacuum cleaners used to minimise fibre generation by techniques such as shadow vacuuming

60. Removal procedures wrap and cut removal method Lagged pipework or assemblies wrapped in polyethylene sheeting before cutting out or disconnecting sections and either: Taken to separate area for controlled asbestos removal, after which underlying structure can be returned to service or disposed of as normal waste, or For redundant (small) pipework and vessels, the insulation is not removed from the underlying structure and all material disposed as asbestos waste

61. Removal procedures wrap and cut removal method Wrap and cut may be suitable when: The items are manageable in size The items have been emptied and cleaned where necessary to remove any residual hazardous materials The location of the item is such that building an enclosure is not practicable e.g. high level external pipework or remote locations The need for additional precautions such as enclosures should be considered in planning stage

62. Removal procedures glove-bag removal Glove-bags - single use bags, constructed of heavy- duty transparent polyethylene that allow stripping activities inside the bag by external operators Sealed at each end to include section of lagging to be removed Integral plastic arms and gloves together with access ports Range of sizes typically about 1 metre wide x 1.5 metre deep Flexible, easily installed and quickly dismantled temporary enclosure for small asbestos removal jobs Particularly suited to removal of asbestos from individual valves, joints, pipe section etc. Can also be used to remove small sections from large assemblies to enable them to be broken down into sub-sections

63. Glove bag

64. Removal procedures glove-bag removal Advantage All waste and contamination contained within bag reducing the need for extensive protective equipment and decontamination Limitations Bag can only contain a limited volume of material care needs to be taken not to overfill bag with waste or water Potential that bag could split or seals fail this possibility should be considered as part of risk assessment and if necessary an additional enclosure constructed If work is in area remote from other workers e.g. external pipework, additional enclosures may not be practicable and barriers / signs to restrict access may be sufficient

65. Removal procedures hot stripping of asbestos Whenever possible removal of asbestos from hot metal or machinery should be avoided Plan removal work around shutdowns, with sufficient time allowed for metal / machinery to cool If dry removal of asbestos from hot surfaces is the only option, particular attention should be paid to: Dust extraction equipment Appropriate personal protective equipment Potential for heat stress Design of work programme (work-rest regime) Fitness and acclimatisation of workers to heat Provision of adequate drinking water Workers trained to recognise symptoms of heat stress

66. Asbestos waste removal procedures Procedures developed that take into account Location of temporary waste storage on-site Transport of waste within the site and off-site Location of the waste disposal site Any local disposal authority requirements that apply Loose asbestos waste should not be allowed to accumulate within the work area Regularly cleaned up and placed in bags / containers as work progresses

67. Waste bags and containers and waste disposal In many cases asbestos waste collected in heavy-duty polyethylene bags Bags labelled with appropriate warning stating they contain asbestos and inhalation should be avoided Waste should be double-bagged Waste should be wetted to minimise any potential fibre release Bags should not be overfilled Large pieces of asbestos should not be broken to fit into bag but should be wrapped or placed in drums that can be sealed

69. Waste bags and containers and waste disposal Routes for removing waste from work area should be designated in asbestos removal work plan In occupied buildings, where possible, movement of waste bags should be outside normal working hours Waste bags and containers removed from work area should be stored securely in skip or container until final disposal Asbestos waste should be removed by a competent person and transported and disposed in accordance with National and local regulations and guidelines In some countries a licence from environmental and/or waste disposal authorities is required

70. Enclosures testing, monitoring and maintenance The enclosure should Be constructed correctly and adequately sealed Remain in good condition and its effectiveness maintained Various inspections, checks and tests may be required, and their outcome recorded e.g. Visual inspection prior to work commencing Smoke testing of enclosure Differential pressure monitoring Checks and inspections during work Air monitoring Testing and maintenance of air extraction equipment

71. Enclosures testing, monitoring and maintenance Visual inspection prior to work Thorough inspection, particular attention paid to seals, airlocks, joints and sealing of sheeting around pipes and conduits etc Smoke testing Enclosure filled with smoke prior to work commencing to check for any leaks in enclosure. Any gaps / leaks should be rectified Procedure in UK extraction units switched off Procedure in USA extraction units switched on For large enclosures and enclosures in external or remote areas use of smoke testing may be of limited use

73. Enclosures testing, monitoring and maintenance Differential pressure monitors Provide continuous indication of negative pressure within enclosure Not particularly reliable particularly with external enclosures Checks and inspections during removal work Thorough visual inspection of enclosure at start of each shift to check for any defects and check that negative pressure is being maintained Air extraction units also checked to confirm it is operating within normal operating parameters (Check screening / flaps being pulled inwards)

74. Enclosures testing, monitoring and maintenance Air monitoring May be carried out at start of work and periodically to confirm that asbestos release is adequately controlled Near airlocks, air extraction equipment and particularly in occupied or sensitive areas Monitoring may be undertaken within enclosure to verify that respiratory protection is adequate Testing and maintenance of air extraction equipment Air extraction units should be left running continuously during removal work Schedule for checking that they are operating correctly included in plan of work (should be at least every shift) Air extraction equipment should also be thoroughly examined and tested at suitable intervals