Steps and Issues in Chemical Analysis

Steps and Issues in Chemical Analysis
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This article focuses on the various steps involved in chemical analysis, including sampling, preparation, testing measurement, and data analysis. It also explores common errors that can occur during chemical analysis and the role of

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PowerPoint presentation about 'Steps and Issues in Chemical Analysis'. This presentation describes the topic on This article focuses on the various steps involved in chemical analysis, including sampling, preparation, testing measurement, and data analysis. It also explores common errors that can occur during chemical analysis and the role of. The key topics included in this slideshow are . Download this presentation absolutely free.

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Slide13nd   Meeting Chemical  Analysis 3 nd   Meeting Chemical  Analysis Steps  and  issues Steps  and  issues

Slide2STEPS  IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS1. Sampling 2. Preparation 3. Testing/Measurement 4. Data analysis 2.  Error in chemical analysis 3.  Statistics for chemistry

Slide3SAMPLINGPrerequisite:  sample should be representative Example:  Main sample A B C Primary sample 1 4 3 2 2 + 3 1 + 4 d c b a a b c d Bulk sample Sub-bulk sample Lab sample

Slide4Preparation for Solid Sample1. Wet Digesting • Direct solvation with water • Solvation with: oxydator acids (HNO3, H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HClO 4 , its mixtures) and base. • Destruction with aqua regia: HNO 3  : HCl = 1 : 3.  2.   Dry digesting     Ashing (Furnace) in certain temperature (+ “ ashing aid”.   if necessary), solving in acids, and diluting quantitatively

Slide5TESTING/MEASUREMENTPurpose  :   Qualitative and quantitative                    analysis Qualitative Analysis:  Spot test Analysis Quantitative Analysis: Conventional Methods :  Volumetri dan Gravimetri Physico-chemical methods (modern)  :                  Elektrokimia ,  Spektrofotometri

Slide6Calculatioan and Data InterpretationDATA   CAN BE ACHIEVED (quantitative analysis):   volume, (volumetric),  mass, (Gravimetric)  Absorption (Spectrometric)  Potential Cell (Electrochem) Should be changed in to Concentration, (M, ppm) content (% mass/mass , % vol/mass)

Slide7Every steps in analysis stepsalways face error . Need Statistic calculation to help in decision making Error in data interpretation

Slide8Error in chemical analysis1. Indeterminat e  Error             error can be exactly defined Examples :       -   Noise and  deviation in electronic circuits      -  Vibration of building      -   environment change 2.  Determina te  Error /Systematical error -   Error in methods :   Interfere agents ( can be + or -) 3.  Opera t ional  Error :   Operators/Analysts 4. Instrumental Error:     Uncalibated/ un-standardized instruments

Slide9Relative Error                         True value  –  measurement value %   Error   =                                                                        x 100%                                                  True value

Slide10Simple Statistics in chemical analysis1.  Mean (harga rata-rata, x ),                 x 1  + x 2  + x 3  + ...  + x n       X  =                              n 2. Standard Deviation  (S),  Variability of analysis result                       ( x – x ) 2 S =                       n – 1                         JK      S =                        n  -  1

Slide113.Relative Standard Deviation (R.S.D)                        s      R.S.D  =                        x 4. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.)                     s  x 100      C.V.  =                         x Example  : Analysis of iron ores produce % mass of Iron: 7,08 ; 7,21 ; 7,12 ; 7,09 ; 7,16 ; 7,14 ; 7,07 ; 7,14 ; 7,18 ; 7,11. Calculate: means ,   Standard of deviation, and coefficient of  variation  ! Jawab : X  =  7,13 %   ;  s = 0,045 %  ;  C.V.  = 0,63%

Slide125.Batas Kepercayaan, merupakan daerah di sekitar harga yang sesungguhnya    =  x   +   t (s x )                  s s x  =                   n Nilai t diperoleh dari Tabel t pada derajat kebebasan (D.B.) = n - 1 Contoh: Hasil analisis massa nikel (mg)  yang terkandung dalam 1 g suatu bahan galian adalah :  5,0  ;  5,3  ;  5,7  ;  4,8  ;  5,2 Hitung batas kepercayaan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%

Slide13ANSWERANSWER • x   =   5,2    ;   s   =   0,3    ;   s x    =   0,134 • x   =   5,2    ;   s   =   0,3    ;   s x    =   0,134 •     =   5,20   +    0,37   So  95%    believe  that   %  mass  of  Iron  is  between  :  4,83  – 5,57. •     =   5,20   +    0,37   So  95%    believe  that   %  mass  of  Iron  is  between  :  4,83  – 5,57.

Slide148.Presisi on The similarity of value/data in one set of data , shown by standard of deviation 9 .  A curation    The nearness of data measurement to the true value    

Slide15 x xxx x  x x xx x X X X X X X X X X X A B C D

Slide16 x xxx x  x x xx x X X X X X X X X X X A B C D Keterangan: A :  Presisi baik, akurasi baik B :  Presisi baik, akurasi tidak baik C :  Presisi tidak baik, akurasi baik (rata-rata) D :  Presisi tidak baik, akurasi tidak baik

Slide17SEKIAN DULUTerima Kasih  

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