Puritan Colonial Period Overview: Literature and Historical Context

2. Overview 1. Puritan/Colonial (1650-1750) 2. Revolutionary/Age of Reason (1750-1800) 3. Romanticism (1800-1860) 4. American Renaissance/ Transcendentalism (1840-1860) 5. Realism (1855-1900) 6. The Moderns (1900-1950) 7. Harlem Renaissance (1920s) 8. Post-Modernism (1950 to present) 9. Contemporary (1970s-Present)

3. Puritan/Colonial Period (1650-1750) OVERVIEW OF PURITAN/COLONIAL PERIOD. Genre/Style : Sermons, religious tracts, diaries, personal narratives, religious poems. It was written in plain style. Effect/Aspects : Instructive, reinforces authority of the Bible and the church. Very little imaginative literature was produced. Historical Context : Puritan settlers fled England where they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs, and came to New England to have religious freedom.

4. Puritan/Colonial Period (1650-1750) Anne Bradstreet The first published compilation of poems by an American was also the first American book to be published by a woman, Anne Bradstreet. Born and educated in England, Anne Bradstreet was the daughter of an earl's estate manager. She emigrated with her family when she was 18, and she lived in Boston.

5. Puritan/Colonial Period (1650-1750) Cotton Mather No timeline of American colonial literature would be complete without mentioning Cotton Mather, the master scholar. Third in the four-generation Mather dynasty of Massachusetts Bay, he wrote at length of New England in over 500 books and pamphlets.

6. Revolutionary Period/Age of Reason (1750-1800) Overview of Revolutionary Period/Age of Reason Genre/Style : Political Pamphlets, Travel Writing, and highly ornate persuasive writing. Effect/Aspects : Patriotism and pride grows, creates unity about issues, and creates American character. Historical Context : Encouraged Revolutionary War support.

7. Revolutionary Period/Age of Reason (1750-1800) Washington Irving He was the youngest of 11 children, born to a wealthy New York mercantile family. Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. In spite of his talent, he probably would not have become a full-time professional writer, given the need of financial rewards, if a series of unexpected incidents had not forced him to write.

8. Revolutionary Period/Age of Reason (1750-1800) Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin, practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, was a second-generation immigrant who lived in Boston Massachusetts. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, Mr. Franklin was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that he helped to loosen up through his excellent example.

9. Romanticism (1800-1860) Overview of Romanticism Genre/Style : Character Sketches, Slave Narratives, Poetry, and short stories. Effect/Aspects : Integrity of nature and freedom of imagination. Historical Context : Publishing expands and industrial revolution brings new ideas.

10. Romanticism (1800-1860) Herman Melville Herman Melville was a descendant of an old, wealthy family that fell suddenly into poverty upon the death of the father. In spite of his aristocratic upbringing, proud family traditions, and hard work, Melville found himself in poverty with no college education. At 19 he went to sea. His interest in sailors' lives grew naturally out of his own experiences, and most of his early novels grew out of his voyages. In these we see the young Melville's wide, democratic experience and hatred of tyranny and injustice.

11. Romanticism (1800-1860) Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a southerner with a darkly metaphysical vision mixed with elements of realism, parody, and burlesque. He refined the short story genre and created detective fiction. Many of his stories foreshadow the genres of science fiction, horror, and fantasy so popular today.

12. American Renaissance/ Transcendentalism (1840-1860) Overview of American Renaissance/Transcendentalism Genre/Style :Poetry, Short Stories, and Novels. Effect/Aspects :Idealists, individualism, and symbolism. Historical Context :People still see stories of persecuted young girls forced apart from her true love.

13. What is Transcendentalism? The Enlightenment had come to new rational conclusions about the natural world Mostly through experimentation and logical thinking. A more Romantic way of thinking -- less rational, more intuitive, more in touch with the senses -- was coming into vogue. Those new rational conclusions had raised important questions, but were no longer enough.

14. What is Transcendentalism? Transcendentalism was a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19 th Century (1836 1860). It began as a rebellion against traditionally held beliefs by the English Church that God superseded the individual.

15. What is Transcendentalism? In their perspective, a loving God would not have led so much of humanity astray; However, there must be truth in these scriptures, too. Truth, if it agreed with an individual's intuition of truth, must be indeed truth.

16. What is Transcendentalism? Finding its root in the word transcend, Transcendentalists believed individuals could transcend to a higher being of existence in nature. God is located in the soul of each individual. Humanitys potential is limitless. Experience is valued over scholarship .

17. What is Transcendentalism? Transcendental philosophy has its roots in the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant Transcendentalism believes that ultimate truth is found by transcending, or going beyond/above, normal human experience through use of intuitive thought

18. What is Transcendentalism? Emerson was the Father of American Transcendentalism He felt the key to transcendentalist thought was the intuition Intuition is our ability to know things spontaneously through emotions, rather than through an intellectual process

19. What is Transcendentalism? Everything, including humans, are part of the Divine Soul Oneness with the natural world leads one to the spiritual or ideal world Intuition can lead one to an understanding of self and God Self-reliance and individualism overrule authority, custom, and tradition Spontaneous feelings and intuition, not the intellectual or rational mind should be followed

20. What is Transcendentalism? Optimism is at the heart of Emersons transcendentalism Emerson felt humans could find God directly in nature Since God is in all nature, God is within us, too Emerson called this concept the Divine Soul, or the Oversoul

21. What is Transcendentalism? And so Transcendentalism was born. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men."

22. What is Transcendentalism? Thus, those institutions of society which fostered vast differences in the ability to be educated, to be self-directed, were institutions to be reformed. Women and African-descended slaves were human beings who deserved more ability to become educated, to fulfill their human potential to be fully human.

23. What is Transcendentalism? Most of the Transcendentalists became involved as well in social reform movements, especially anti-slavery and women's rights. Abolitionism -radical branch of anti-slavery reformism; Why social reform, and why these issues in particular?

24. American Renaissance/ Transcendentalism (1840-1860) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow One of the most important Boston Brahmin poets was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Longfellow, a professor of modern languages at Harvard, was the best-known American poet of his day. He was responsible for the misty, historical, legendary sense of the past that joined American and European traditions.

25. American Renaissance/ Transcendentalism (1840-1860) Walt Whitman Born on Long Island, New York, Walt Whitman was a part-time carpenter, whose brilliant, pioneering work expressed the country's democratic spirit. Whitman was mostly self- taught, he left school at the age of 11 to go to work. His Leaves of Grass (1855), which he rewrote and revised throughout his life, contains "Song of Myself," the most amazingly original poem ever written by an American.

26. Realism (1855-1900) Overview of Realism Genre/Style : Novels, Short Stories, Objective Narrator, and does not tell reader how to interpret the story. Effect/Aspects : Social and Aesthetic realism. Historical Context : Civil War brought demand for a more true type of literature.

27. Realism (1855-1900) Mark Twain Samuel Clemens, also known by his pen name of Mark Twain, grew up in the Mississippi River frontier town of Hannibal, Missouri. Ernest Hemingway's well-known statement, that all of American literature comes from one great book: Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; shows Twains high place in the tradition. Twain's style, based on strong, realistic, everyday American speech, gave American writers a new appreciation for their national voice. Twain was the first major author to come from the heart of the country, and he captured its distinctive and humorous slang and iconoclasm.

28. Realism (1855-1900) Jack London Jack London was a poor, self-taught worker from California. He, also a naturalist, became instantly famous from his first collection of stories, The Son of the Wolf (1900), set mainly in the Klondike region of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon.

29. The Moderns (1900-1950) Overview of The Moderns Genre/Style : Novels, Plays, Poetry, experiments in writing styles, interior monologue, and stream of consciousness. Effect/Aspects : Pursuit of American Dream, Admiration for America, Optimism, and Individual Importance. Historical Context : Writers reflected the ideas of Darwin and Karl Marx, during WWI and WWII.

30. The Moderns (1900-1950) T.S. Elliot Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a wealthy family with ancestry in the northeastern United States. He received the best education of any major American writer of his generation at Harvard College, the Sorbonne, and Merton College of Oxford University. He studied Sanskrit and Oriental philosophy, which influenced his poetry.

31. The Moderns (1900-1950) Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway came from the Midwest United States. He was Born in Illinois and spent childhood vacations in Michigan on hunting and fishing trips. He volunteered for an ambulance unit in France during World War I, but was wounded and hospitalized for six months. After the war, working as a war correspondent based in Paris, he met expatriate American writers Sherwood Anderson, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein. Stein, in particular, influenced his spare style.

32. Harlem Renaissance (1920s) Overview of Harlem Renaissance Genre/Style : Blues Song in Poetry and African American Spirituals. Effect/Aspects : Brought about Gospel Music. Historical Context : Mass African American Migration to Northern Urban Centers. African Americans are given more access to media and publishing.

33. Harlem Renaissance (1920s) Ralph Waldo Ellison Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Ellison achieved international recognition for his first novel, Invisible Man (1952). He was influenced by his thinking of the United States as a land of infinite possibilities. He attended the Tuskegee institute to pursue a career in music but found that he was more interested in writing.

34. Harlem Renaissance (1920s) Jessie Redmon Fauset Ms Fauset was the literary editor of the magazine Crisis. She edited and contributed regularly to The Brownies Book which was the children's version of the Crisis.

35. Post-Modernism (1950 to present) Overview of Post Modernism Genre/Style : Mixing of fantasy with nonfiction blurred lines of reality for reader, there were no heroes, humorless, narratives, present tense, and magic realism. Effect/Aspects : Grinds down the distinctions between the classes of people. Historical Context : After WWII prosperity.

36. Post-Modernism (1950 to present) Robert Creeley Robert Creeley was one of the Black Mountain poets. He wrote with a short, minimalist style.

37. Post-Modernism (1950 to present) James Dickey James Dickey was a novelist, essayist, and poet. He was born in Georgia and much of his writing is about nature.

38. Contemporary Period (1970s-Present) Overview of Contemporary Period Genre/Style : Narrative, fiction, nonfiction, anti heroes, emotional, irony, storytelling, autobiographical, and essays. Effect/Aspects : Shift in emphasis from homogeneity to celebrating diversity. Historical Context : New century, new millennium.

39. Contemporary Period (1970s- Present) John Gardner Gardner, formerly from a farming background, was the most important representative for ethical standards in literature until his death. He was a professor of English who specialized in the medieval period.

40. Contemporary Period (1970s-Present) Norman Mailer Mailer has been generally considered the representative author of modern times, being able to change his style and subject multiple times. He follows the traditions of Ernest Hemingway.

41. Works Cited "American Passages." Learner.Org . 2005. 3 Apr. 2006 . Beck, Mr. "American Literary Movements." 2006. Perry Public Schools. 3 Apr. 2006 . Garbis, Michelle. "Literary Periods and Their Characteristics." Mrs. Garbis English Page . 2006. 3 Apr. 2006 . "Literary Movements." WSU. 3 Apr. 2006 . Vanspanckeren, Kathryn. "Outline of American Literature." USinfo . Nov. 1998. US Department of State. 2 Apr. 2006 .